<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-2563</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geográfica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geog. Amer. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-2563</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-25632021000100025</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/rgac.661.2</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Violence and insecurity in urban space: an analytical approach based on the ecological framework for violence]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Violencia e inseguridad en el espacio urbano: un enfoque analítico basado en el marco ecológico para la violencia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Univeristy of Manchester Universidad de Guanajuato División de Arquitectura, Arte y Diseño]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guanajuato Zona Centro]]></addr-line>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Violence and insecurity have become pervasive in urban areas, particularly in Latin America, where this phenomenon represents an obstacle to development. Seeking to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of urban violence and insecurity, this article presents an analytical framework to organize and understand the different levels of risk factors interacting for the appearance of violence in urban areas. Based on the case study of Culiacán, Sinaloa (Mexico), the article presents an analysis of the interrelated nature of violence, different manifestations and risk factors leading to its proliferation, with a focus on urban space. Although the causality of violence is difficult to pinpoint, this framework allows not only to consider violence in a more structured way, but also to appraise the relationships between these phenomena at different levels of risk factors.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La violencia y la inseguridad se han generalizado en las zonas urbanas, particularmente en América Latina, donde este fenómeno representa un obstáculo para el desarrollo. Con el objetivo de contribuir a una comprensión más matizada de la violencia urbana y la inseguridad, este artículo presenta un marco analítico para organizar y comprender los diferentes niveles de factores de riesgo que interactúan para la aparición de violencia en zonas urbanas. Basado en el estudio de caso de Culiacán, Sinaloa, el artículo presenta un análisis de la naturaleza interrelacionada de la violencia, las diferentes manifestaciones y los factores de riesgo que conducen a su proliferación, con un enfoque en el espacio urbano. Si bien la causalidad de la violencia es difícil de precisar, este marco permite no solo considerar la violencia de una manera más estructurada, sino también considerar las relaciones entre estos fenómenos en diferentes niveles de factores de riesgo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urban violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Insecurity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Planning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urban space]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecological framework]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Violencia urbana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inseguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[planificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espacio urbano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[marco ecológico.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violent democracies in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Durham (NC) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Auyero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourgois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheper-Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence at the Urban Margins, Global and Comparative.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethnography]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Auyero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In harm&#8217;s way at the urban margins]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethnography]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>531-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azaola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La violencia de hoy, las violencias de siempre]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Antropologia Social]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[REDALYC, Desacatos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saraví]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Fragmentation Segregation, Sociability, and Inequality in Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>35-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briceño-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaveces]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Concha-Eastman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International journal of epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>751-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bronfenbrenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Toward an experimental ecology of human development.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Psychologist]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>513-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buvinic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence as an Obstacle to Development]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buvinic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shifter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Framework for Action]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabañas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Imagined Narcoscapes: Narcoculture and the Politics of Representation.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fortcified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Culture]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>303-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Violence and social exclusion in urban contexts in Central America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salahub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer Erin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gottsbacher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Markus]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[`Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities´]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>99-121</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxon ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colombijn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Production of Urban Space by Violence and its Aftermath in Jakarta and Kota Ambon, Indonesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethnos 0]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>1-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Concha-Eastman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. Dimensions, Explanations, Actions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Citizens of Fear]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>265</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey and London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rutgers University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modernist Planning and the Foundations of Urban Violence in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Built Environment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>376-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[United States Agency for International Development (USAID)]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Massachusetts ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute of Technology (MIT) USA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>DIF Culiacan</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Dynamics of Income Inequality in Mexico since NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>155-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mindel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modeling Fear of Crime in Dallas Neighborhoods: A Test of Social Capital Theory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crime and Delinquency]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>322-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using Participatory Visual Methods in the Study of Violence Perceptions and Urban Space in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The everyday effects of urban planning: exploring perceptions of violence, insecurity and urban space in two mexican cities.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PhD Thesis]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[University of Manchester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Global Development Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>291-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence, Peace, and Peace Research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>167-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glebbeek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koonings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Between Morro and Asfalto. Violence, insecurity and socio-spatial segregation in Latin American cities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Habitat International, Special Issue: Urban Segregation in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban Violence and Contemporary Defensive Cities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Institute of Planners]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>146-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bloomsbury Paperbacks]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>Eighth Edition edition</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Los Ángeles ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ed. SAGE Publications, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socio-Spatial Inequality and Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociology Mind]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>298-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hume]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oslender]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development in Practice]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>713-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Misse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrión]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>87-154</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IMPLAN Culiacan</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Mapa interactivo]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jütersonke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muggah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gangs, Urban Violence, and Security Interventions in Central America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Security Dialogue]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>373-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawachi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kennedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science &amp; Medicine]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>719-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kemp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oxford Bibliographies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecological Framework]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Latinobarometro</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Database]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lefebvre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Production of Space]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Massachusetts, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lutters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ackerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An introduction to the Chicago School of Sociology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interval Research Propietary]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Massey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[For Space]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>1st</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ed. SAGE Publications Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McIlwaine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vivir con miedo: Cómo los pobres urbanos perciben la violencia, el miedo y la inseguridad, en: Ciudades fracturadas. Exclusión Social, Violencia Urbana y Espacios Disputados en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>117-38</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social Structure and Anomie]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Sociological Review]]></source>
<year>1938</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>672</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violent research: the ethics and emotions of doing research with women in South Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethics, Place &amp; Environment]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>143-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Mexico Evalua</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevencion del delito en Mexico: ¿Cuáles son las prioridades?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[México Evalúa]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico, D.F. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morenoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sampson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raudenbush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Criminology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>517-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Some Notes Toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social Change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Behavioral Scientist]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban Violence and Insecurity: An Introductory Roadmap]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Urbanization]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>3-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Urban Research Centre, University of Manchester, Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McIlwaine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Latin American Urban Violence as a Development Concern: Towards a Framework for Violence Reduction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>89-112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muggah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deconstructing the fragile city: exploring insecurity, violence and resilience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Urbanization]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>345-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muggah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Researching the urban dilemma: Urbanization, poverty and violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Development Research Centre]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IDRC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Noroeste Redaccion</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fallece estrangulada y a golpes una mujer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Noroeste Culiacan]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Observatorio Nacional Ciudadano</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidencia de los delitos de alto impacto en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Observatorio Nacional Ciudadano]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seguridad, Justicia y Legalidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[States of Fragility 2016: Understanding violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OECD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[States of Fragility 2016: Understanding violence]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pansters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Berthier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico City]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koonings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuijt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>36-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pansters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence, Coercion, and State-Making in Twentieth Century Mexico: The Other Half of the Centaur]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford, California, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pavoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tulumello.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[argue &#8220;urban violence (and the fear there of) can be said to emerge out of the intersections between structures, processes, narratives, practices and bodies that constitute the urban]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedrazzini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vincent-Geslin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence of Urbanization, Poor Neighbourhoods and Large-Scale Projects: Lessons from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Built Environment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>394-407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban violence is not (necessarily) a way of life: towards a political economy of conflict in cities]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guha-Khasnobis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanbur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, UK ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Disembedding&#8221; the city: crime, insecurity and spatial organization in Managua, Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Urbanization]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>113-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Neill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infrastructural violence: Introduction to the special issue]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethnography]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>401-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rutgers University Press]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabatini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Social Spatial Segregation in the Cities of Latin America (Discussion Papers &amp; Presentations)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Insecurity and Violence as a New Power Relation in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>606</volume>
<page-range>178-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheper-Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourgois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence in War and Peace]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[An Anthology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Malden, Mass. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitchen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crime prevention and the built environment]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London; New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Secretaría de Gobernación (SEGOB), y Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común 2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secretaria de Gobernación]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Secretaría de Gobernación (SEGOB), y Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común 2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secretaria de Gobernación]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Secretaría de Seguridad Pública y Tránsito Municipal</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Reglamento interior de la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública y Tránsito Municipal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Culiacán, Sinaloa ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SEGOB, SESNSP</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Secretaria de Gobernación]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SEGOB, SESNSP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Secretaria de Gobernación]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Publica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Seguridad, Justicia y Paz</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La violencia en los municipios de México (2015)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Pública y Justicia Penal]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico, D.F. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conceptual and theoretical frameworks for organised violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>97-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Springer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence sits in places? Cultural practice, neoliberal rationalism, and virulent imaginative geographies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Geography]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>90-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Springer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Billon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence and space: An introduction to the geographies of violence.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Geography , SI: Violence and Space]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Springer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violent Orientalism: Imagining the &#8220;Savage Other,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Springer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violent Neoliberalism: Development, Discourse, and Dispossession in Cambodia]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>61-80</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[US, New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tulumello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From &#8220;Spaces of Fear&#8221; to &#8220;Fearscapes&#8221;: Mapping for Reframing Theories About the Spatialization of Fear in Urban Space]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Space and Culture]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global study on homicide 2013: Trends, contexts, data.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[United Nations publication]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>IV</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vienna ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>UNODC</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global study on homicide 2013. Trends, contexts, data.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[United Nations publication]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>IV</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vienna ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Malayerba: La vida bajo el narco]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ed. Jus, Libreros y Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Huérfanos del narco: Los olvidados de la guerra del narcotráfico]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Aguilar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdez Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los morros del narco]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Aguilar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela Aguilera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban Surges: Power, Territory, and the Social Control of Space in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>21-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iain]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pettigrew]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>301-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unpackaging residential segregation: the importance of scale and informal market processes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>114-34</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Youth, gangs and violence: Analysing the social and spatial mobility of young people in Guatemala City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Children&#8217;s Geographies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>167-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urban violence: a guide to the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Urbanization]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>165-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence in the City: Understanding and Supporting Community Responses to Urban Violence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Bank, Social Development Department, Conflict and Crime and Violence Team]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>World Health Organisation</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ecological framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Violence prevention approach]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
