<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-2504</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Kurú]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-2504</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-25042019000100002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/rfmk.v16i38.3991</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Agricultural Wastes - A Promising Source for Biogas Production in Developing Countries of the Tropical and Subtropical Regions]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Residuos agrícolas - una fuente prometedora para la producción de biogas en los países en desarrollo de las regiones tropicales y subtropicales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mirko]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delivand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mitra Kami]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dinkler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Konstantin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Applied Sciences Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (HTW) Berlin ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Berlin ]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University College Cork Environmental Research Institute MaREI Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cork ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ireland</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<fpage>2</fpage>
<lpage>12</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-25042019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-25042019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-25042019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Most of the so called developing countries are located in tropical and/or sub-tropical regions whilst in contrast, most of the developed countries are in the temperate climate zones. It is expected that a huge increase in the future global energy consumption will be caused by the demand of the developing countries. Caused by the favourable climate conditions in tropical and/or sub-tropical regions the average productivity of biomass is 4 - 5 times higher than that of biomass grown in the temperate regions. Many of the developing countries today are agricultural and agro-industrial countries producing huge amounts of agricultural residues and wastes that can be used as source for energy generation. It is estimated that if only all process-based agricultural residues alone would be used, they could contribute between 25 % and 40 % of the total primary energy demand in such regions (1);. Until now, the huge amount of agricultural waste generated each year in developing countries is a headache for farmers, who are obliged to get rid of it. Open field burning and improper disposal are omnipresent in many regions and pollute the environment. Converting such waste into bioenergy such as biogas by using anaerobic digestion technologies represents an alternative treatment with a promising potential. Such treatment prevents pollution, is producing valuable and climate friendly energy and will contribute to nutrient recovery by using the digestate as fertilizer. The paper will introduce some of the most promising agricultural residues in tropical and subtropical regions which can be used as substrates or co-substrates for biogas production. Results of a research project carried out in Costa Rica will be used as a case study to show the potential of two of the major agricultural residues (pineapple and banana residues) as sources for biogas production. The opportunities and prospects for the dissemination and implementation of new and more developed technologies to improve the efficiency of the technologies will be shown.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La mayoría de los llamados países en desarrollo están ubicados en regiones tropicales y/o subtropicales, en contraste, la mayoría de los países desarrollados se encuentran en zonas de clima templado. Se espera que la demanda de los países en desarrollo provoque un enorme aumento en el futuro del consumo mundial de energía. Debido a las condiciones climáticas favorables en las regiones tropicales y/o subtropicales, la productividad promedio de la biomasa es de 4 a 5 veces mayor que la de la biomasa cultivada en las regiones templadas. Muchos de los países en desarrollo hoy en día son países agrícolas y agroindustriales que producen enormes cantidades de residuos agrícolas y desechos que pueden utilizarse como fuente para la generación de energía. Se estima que si solo se utilizaran todos los residuos agrícolas basados en procesos, podrían contribuir entre el 25 % y el 40 % de la demanda total de energía primaria en dichas regiones (1);. Hasta ahora, la enorme cantidad de desechos agrícolas que se generan cada año en los países en desarrollo es un dolor de cabeza para los agricultores, quienes están obligados a deshacerse de ellos. La quema a campo abierto y la eliminación inadecuada están omnipresentes en muchas regiones y contaminan el medio ambiente. La conversión de estos residuos en bioenergía, como el biogás, mediante el uso de tecnologías de digestión anaeróbica, representa un tratamiento alternativo con un potencial prometedor. Dicho tratamiento previene la contaminación, produce energía valiosa y respetuosa con el clima y contribuirá a la recuperación de nutrientes utilizando el digestato como fertilizante. El documento presentará algunos de los residuos agrícolas más prometedores en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales que se pueden usar como sustratos o co-sustratos para la producción de biogás. Los resultados de un proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo en Costa Rica se utilizarán como estudio de caso para mostrar el potencial de dos de los principales residuos agrícolas (residuos de piña y banano) como fuentes para la producción de biogás. Se mostrarán las oportunidades y perspectivas para la difusión e implementación de tecnologías nuevas y más desarrolladas para mejorar la eficiencia de las tecnologías.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agricultural residues]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioenergy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sustainable development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Residuos agrícolas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bioenergía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biogás]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo sostenible]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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