<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662025000100004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/urj.v17i1.5921</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de tres índices de calidad del agua en un río tropical de Costa Rica: el caso del Río Durazno]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montiel-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eddy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Irías-Mata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes-Schweizer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paola]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Química ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes de Oca ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract. &#8220;Application of three water quality indices in a tropical river of Costa Rica: the case of the Durazno River&#8221;. Introduction: In Costa Rica, surface waters face increasing threats due to urban expansion, livestock farming, and inadequate wastewater treatment. The Durazno River micro-watershed is a representative example of areas with mixed land uses, making it an ideal model studying water quality. Few studies in Costa Rica compare multiple indices simultaneously, particularly those incorporating emerging contaminants. Objective: To comparatively evaluate the water quality with three indices: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index, National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index, and Dutch Classification System. Methods: From 2022-2024, We conducted four sampling campaigns per year at upper, middle, and lower river sites, analyzing 14 physicochemical and microbiological parameters including nutrients, DO, pH, fecal coliforms, and emerging contaminants (cefotaxime and doxycycline). We applied Generalized Linear Models with Box-Cox transformation to evaluate effects of location, season, and year. Results: The Canadian index was the most sensitive, rating water quality marginal to poor and detecting clear spatial and seasonal differences; the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index showed uniformly medium quality with low spatial variation, while the Dutch index indicated consistently low contamination due to its limited parameter set. There were year-to-year differences (likely tied to rainfall-driven changes in suspended solids and nitrates) and emerging contaminants peaked near livestock/urban zones, confirming anthropogenic impact. Conclusion: Water quality in the micro-basin according to the three indices ranged from normal to poor. The three indices provided complementary perspectives, but the Canadian index had greater diagnostic capacity by incorporating a broader set of parameters. Using multiple indices improves water quality assessment accuracy and decision-making, revealing priority intervention zones, especially when emerging contaminants are integrated into national monitoring programs.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Resumen. Introducción: En Costa Rica, las aguas superficiales enfrentan crecientes amenazas por expansión urbana, ganadería y tratamiento inadecuado de aguas residuales, y la microcuenca del río Durazno -representativa de usos de suelo mixtos- es un modelo ideal para estudios de calidad hídrica, aunque pocos estudios del país comparan múltiples índices simultáneamente, especialmente con contaminantes emergentes. Objetivo: Evaluar comparativamente la calidad del agua mediante tres índices: el Índice de Calidad del Agua del Consejo Canadiense de Ministros del Medio Ambiente, el Índice de Calidad del Agua de la Fundación Nacional de Saneamiento y el Sistema de Clasificación Holandés. Métodos: Entre 2022 y 2024, realizamos cuatro muestreos anuales en tres sitios alto, medio y bajo del río, analizando 14 parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos (nutrientes, OD, pH, coliformes fecales, cefotaxima y doxiciclina), aplicando modelos lineales generalizados con transformación Box-Cox para evaluar efectos de ubicación, estación y año. Resultados: El índice canadiense fue el más sensible (calidad marginal a pobre, con diferencias espaciales y estacionales claras); el Índice de Calidad del Agua de la Fundación Nacional de Saneamiento mostró calidad media uniforme y baja variación espacial; el holandés indicó baja contaminación constante por su limitado conjunto de parámetros; hubo diferencias interanuales vinculadas probablemente a lluvias (por sólidos suspendidos y nitratos), y los contaminantes emergentes se concentraron en zonas ganaderas/urbanas, confirmando impacto antropogénico. Conclusión: La calidad del agua en la microcuenca varió de normal a pobre según los índices, los cuales ofrecieron perspectivas complementarias -destacándose el canadiense por su mayor capacidad diagnóstica al incluir más parámetros; el uso simultáneo de múltiples índices mejora la precisión del diagnóstico y la toma de decisiones, identificando zonas prioritarias para intervención, especialmente si se integran contaminantes emergentes en programas nacionales de monitoreo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anthropogenic impact]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emerging contaminants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[environmental monitoring]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[multivariable analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water resource management]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water quality indices]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban basin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[análisis multivariado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contaminantes emergentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cuencas urbanas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gestión del recurso hídrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[índices de calidad de agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[impacto antropogénico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[monitoreo ambiental]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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