<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662022000100002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/urj.v14i1.3787</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Residuos de acaricidas en leche entera bovina de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Briceño-Guevara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matarrita-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masís-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Greivin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WingChing-Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Zootecnia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Zootecnia Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Introducción: En Costa Rica se procesan anualmente 681 millones de litros de leche, debido al alto consumo per cápita que es de 216 kilogramos, por lo que es particularmente importante evitar los efectos tóxicos de la leche contaminada, asociados a vómitos, parálisis y calambres, y, a largo plazo, cáncer, trastornos endocrinos, diabetes y alteraciones cromosómicas, entre otros. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de residuos de cinco acaricidas usados en Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafós, Clorpirifós, Ciflutrina y Cipermetrina, en muestras de leche entera bovina de Costa Rica. Métodos: De enero a setiembre del 2018 tomamos muestras en 200 sistemas de producción de seis provincias y aplicamos técnicas de cromatografía de gases y de líquidos, acopladas a espectrometría de masas. Resultados: no hallamos residuos de Coumafós y la Ciflutrina, pero en 19 fincas detectamos Amitraz, Cipermetrina y Clorpirifós (este último, 0,01mg/kg). Pocos encargados conocen alternativas al control químico, y la mayoría ni respeta el periodo de retiro del garrapaticida, ni hace la rotación del ingrediente activo. Conclusión: Se debe mejorar la educación y el monitoreo sobre el uso de garrapaticidas en los sistemas de producción de leche.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT ''Acaricide residues in whole bovine milk from Costa Rica''. Introduction: Because of the high per capita consumption of 216 kilograms, in Costa Rica, 681 million liters of milk are processed annually, and it is particularly important to avoid the toxic effects of contaminated milk, associated with vomiting, paralysis and cramps, and, in the long term, cancer, endocrine disorders, diabetes and chromosomal alterations, among others. Objective: To determine the residue levels of five acaricides used in Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafos, Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin and Cypermethrin, in samples of whole bovine milk. Methods: From January to September 2018, we collected samples from 200 production systems in six provinces and applied gas and liquid chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: We did not find residues of Coumafos and Cyfluthrin, but in 19 farms we detected Amitraz, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (the latter, 0.01mg/kg). Few managers know alternatives to chemical control, and most do not respect the withdrawal period of the tick, and do not rotate the active ingredient. Conclusion: Education and monitoring on tick control should be improved in dairy farms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ticks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parasite control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[safety]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acaricide resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[active ingredient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sanitary management]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dairy cattle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Garrapatas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control de parásitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inocuidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia a acaricidas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ingrediente activo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manejo sanitario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganado lechero]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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