<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662022000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/urj.v14i1.3786</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto de las aves y la temperatura sobre la germinación y viabilidad de las semillas de Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dellafiore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sainz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maximiliano]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Departamento de Ciencias Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Córdoba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Córdoba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT ''Effect of birds and temperature on the germination and viability of Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae) seeds'' Introduction: Invasive species are causing serious modifications around the world, affecting deserts and tropical forests. In Córdoba, Argentina, the distribution and abundance of blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) has increased in rural and wild environments. Seed dispersion by birds, and the high temperatures generated by forest fires, have been mentioned as the main cause of this increase. However, there are no studies about these hypotheses. Objectives: To know if the birds disperse the blackberry seeds and if they affect their germination, and to study the effect of high and low temperatures on germination and viability. Methods: Blackberry fruits and fresh feces from birds were collected in the field and the seeds kept at constant temperature during 20 months to measure germination; 27 samples of seeds (50 fruits per sdample) were kept at several temperatures and durations, ranging from room temperature to -11ºC, and from a few minutes to several days. Afterwards, they were germinated at constant temperature for 20 months. Additionally, 33 similar samples were treated for a viability test. Results: Neither seeds from the fruits, nor seeds from feces, germinate after 20 months. Most (75%) seeds from feces remained viable after 20 months. Viability was affected by temperature (H: 21,50; p = 0,0054). Conclusion: These blackberry seeds have a low germination power since they did not germinate under any treatment after 20 months. On the other hand, these seeds are highly resistant to high and low temperatures, although surface fires could destroy them.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Introducción: Las especies invasoras están causando serias modificaciones por todo el mundo, afectando desiertos y bosques tropicales. En Córdoba, Argentina, la distribución y abundancia de la mora o zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius) se ha incrementado en ambientes rurales y silvestres. Se ha sugerido que las causas principales del incremento son la dispersión de semillas por aves, y las altas temperaturas generadas por los incendios forestales. Sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre estas hipótesis. Objetivos: Conocer si las aves dispersan las semillas de zarzamora y si afectan a su germinación, y estudiar el efecto de las altas y bajas temperaturas sobre la germinación y viabilidad. Métodos: Se recolectaron en campo frutos de zarzamora y heces frescas de aves; y las semillas se mantuvieron a temperatura constante durante 20 meses para medir la germinación. Se mantuvieron 27 muestras de semillas (50 frutos por muestra) a varias temperaturas y duraciones, desde temperatura ambiente hasta -11ºC, y desde unos pocos minutos hasta varios días. Posteriormente, se germinaron a temperatura constante durante 20 meses. Además, 33 muestras similares fueron tratadas para una prueba de viabilidad. Resultados: Ni las semillas de los frutos, ni las semillas de las heces, germinaron en 20 meses. La mayoría de las semillas de las heces (75%) permanecían viables a los 20 meses. La viabilidad se vio afectada por la temperatura (H: 21,50; p = 0,0054). Conclusión: Estas semillas de mora tienen un bajo poder germinativo ya que no germinaron en ningún tratamiento después de 20 meses. Por otro lado, estas semillas son muy resistentes a las altas y bajas temperaturas, aunque los incendios superficiales podrían destruirlas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Germination power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fires]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frosts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dispersal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[blackberry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Poder germinativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[incendios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heladas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dispersión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[zarzamora]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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