<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662019000300283</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/urj.v11i3.2586</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Halochromic properties and antimicrobial potential of crude extracts from five species of ornamental plants]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Propiedades halocrómicas y potenciales antimicrobiano de extractos crudos de cinco plantas ornamentales&#8221;]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kusimo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ukoha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oludare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aderonke]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Afolabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oluwatoyin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agwae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Camerún</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universite Africaine De Technologie et de Management  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>República de Benín</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Africa Rice Center  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>República de Benín</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Ghent  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bélgica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Liverpool  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Reino Unido</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>291</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662019000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662019000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662019000300283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction: The colours of flowers are a result of secondary metabolites that have long been used in the medical and textile industries, and those that are halochromic are used in colour display because they change color according to pH changes, but many species are yet to be studied in detail. Objective: To explore the halochromic properties and the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of several ornamental plants. Methods: We used aqueous and organic solvents to extract pigments from petals of five fascinating flowers planted around International Institute of Tropical Agriculture station, Cotonou, Benin: Allamanda blanchetii, Cascabela thevetia, Eichhornia crassipes, Ixora casei and Thunbergia erecta, followed by an investigation into their halochromic properties. Antibacterial potentials of the extracts were tested on important rice pathogens: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and Pantoea agglomerans, which are gram-negative bacteria; and on Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium. Results: The crude extracts of T. erecta and A. blanchetii have good halochromic properties within pH 2 &#8211; 12, exhibiting distinct colours. The chromophores of the C. thevetia, E. crassipes, and I. casei are not halochromic as the colours of the crude extracts remain the same at the pH range except pH 12 which is similar for the five extracts. Crude extracts of T. erectainhibited growth of P. agglomerans without development of resistance, whereas the bacteria developed resistance against Penicillin after 18h of incubation. T. erecta and A. blanchetii were able to inhibit growth of X. oryzae and both inhibited B. subtilis. Conclusion: Pigments from both T. erecta and A. blanchetii are good pH indicators; however, T. erecta is a better antibacterial agent than A. blanchetii because it has broad-spectrum activities against bacteria.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen &#8220;Propiedades halocrómicas y potenciales antimicrobianos de extractos crudos de cinco plantas ornamentales&#8221;. Introducción:Los colores de las flores son el resultado de metabolitos secundarios, que se han utilizado durante mucho tiempo en las industrias médica y textil, y los que son halocrómicos se usan en la visualización a color porque cambian de color según los cambios de pH, pero muchas especies aún no se han estudiado en detalle. Objetivo: Explorar las propiedades halocrómicas y los potenciales antimicrobianos de los extractos crudos de plantas ornamentales. Métodos: Utilizamos disolventes acuosos y orgánicos para extraer pigmentos de pétalos de cinco flores fascinantes plantadas alrededor de la Estación Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cotonou, Benin: Allamanda blanchetii,Cascabela thevetia, Eichhornia crassipes, Ixora casei y Thunbergia erecta, seguidas de una investigación de sus propiedades halocromáticas. Los potenciales antibacterianos de los extractos se probaron en importantes patógenos del arroz: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Pantoea agglomeran que son bacterias gram-negativas y en Bacillus subtilis una bacteria gram-positiva. Resultados: Los extractos crudos de T. erecta y A. blanchetii tienen buenas propiedades halocrómicas dentro del pH 2 - 12, mostrando colores distintos. Los cromóforos de C. thevetia, E. crassipes. I. casei no son halocrómicos ya que los colores de los extractos crudos permanecen iguales en el rango de pH, excepto el pH 12, que es similar para los cinco extractos. Los extractos crudos de T. erecta inhibieron el crecimiento de P. agglomerans sin desarrollo de resistencia, mientras que las bacterias desarrollaron resistencia contra la penicilina después de 18 horas de incubación. T. erecta y A. blanchetiipudieron inhibir el crecimiento de X. oryzae y ambos inhibieron B. subtilis. Conclusión:Los pigmentos de T. erecta y A. blanchetii son buenos como indicadores de pH. Sin embargo, T. erecta es un mejor agente antibacteriano que A. blanchetii ya que tiene actividades de amplio espectro contra las bacterias.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[halochromism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thunbergia erecta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anthocyanin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pantoea agglomerans]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacillus subtilis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Antimicrobiano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[halocrómico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Thunbergia erecta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antocianina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pantoea agglomerans]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bacillus subtilis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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