<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662015000200217</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Phenolic resin derived from Jatropha curcas seed-husk lignin as phenol substitute]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lutz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giselle]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mata-Segreda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica School of Chemistry Biomass Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica School of Chemistry Biomass Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica School of Chemistry Biomass Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>223</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662015000200217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662015000200217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662015000200217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Phenolic resin derived from Jatropha curcas seed-husk lignin as phenol substitute. A phenolic resin was made, with a fraction of the phenol content substituted by lignin extracted from Jatropha curcas seed husk. The husk was analysed for chemical composition, finding a high quantity of lignin (47% mass fraction). This lignin was extracted using an alkaline pulping method, followed by precipitation with acid. Several lignin-modified phenolic resins were made, using different lignin contents, in mixtures with formaldehyde in alkaline conditions, and curing at 65 ºC for 6 hours. It was noticed that the lignin substitution percentage affects the resin's mechanical properties, obtaining better results with a 50% substitution. These resins showed good thermal behaviour, electrical insulation properties and good physical stability against water, acidic solutions and organic solvents, but it lacked on stability against alkaline solutions. It is concluded that there is a good opportunity for using the J. curcas seed husk lignin as partial substitute of phenol in phenolic resins, without sacrificing their physicochemical properties. There is a wide range of possibilities on using J. curcas agroindustrial residues as a renewable feedstock.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue el desarrollo de una resina fenólica, en la cual parte del fenol utilizado fue sustituido por lignina extraída a partir de la cascarilla de la semilla de Jatropha curcas. Se analizó la composición de dicha cascarilla, determinándose un alto contenido de lignina (47% en masa) que podría ser utilizada para el objetivo deseado. Esta lignina se extrajo por medio de pulpeo alcalino con precipitación en medio ácido. Se elaboró diversas resinas fenólicas con variación en la sustitución de fenol, utilizando diferentes porcentajes de lignina, en mezclas con formaldehído en medio alcalino, con curado a 65°C por 6 horas. Se evidenció que el grado de sustitución afecta las propiedades mecánicas de las resinas, obteniéndose mejores propiedades con un 50% de sustitución. Estas resinas presentaron buen comportamiento térmico, propiedades electroaislantes y estabilidad física al agua, disoluciones ácidas y disolventes orgánicos, pero no a disoluciones básicas. Se concluye que existe una amplia oportunidad en el uso de la lignina de la cascarilla de J. curcas como sustituto parcial del fenol en resinas fenólicas, sin sacrificar sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Además, se vislumbra la gran gama de posibilidades para el uso de residuos agroindustriales de J. curcas como fuente de materia prima renovable.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Jatropha curcas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lignin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenolic resin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lignin-formaldehyde resin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physicochemical properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Jatropha curcas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lignina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resina fenólica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resina ligninaformaldehido]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propiedades fisicoquímicas.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<year>2007</year>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bioresource Technology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>98</volume>
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