<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-3820</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicación]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicación]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-3820</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-38202026000100081</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/rc.v35i1.8719</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La política de Ciudad Gótica: el discurso ideológico de la trilogía Batman de Christopher Nolan]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Politics in Gotham City: The Ideological Discourse of Christopher Nolan&#8217;s Batman Trilogy]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-38202026000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-38202026000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-38202026000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo estudia la trilogía de Batman de Christopher Nolan (2005-2012) desde el análisis crítico del discurso para desentrañar su operación ideológica. Con una matriz cualitativa, examinamos identidad, objetivos y acciones tanto de Batman como de sus antagonistas, al articular los ideologemas que estructuran el relato. Los hallazgos muestran una defensa del statu quo: Batman, héroe filantrópico de origen oligárquico, restaura orden y propiedad mediante excepciones autoritarias y producción de símbolos. Los villanos condensan críticas al orden, al capital y al sistema político, refigurados como amenaza &#8220;externa&#8221; y caos. Se dibuja una geografía moral de clase virtud descendente, criminalidad ascendente-, así como una metáfora de invasión que personaliza el mal y oculta causas estructurales. Se concluye que la trilogía promueve conciencia cívica, no política, también, proponemos ampliar el análisis hacia producción, consumo y materialidad para futuras investigaciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article analyzes Christopher Nolan&#8217;s Batman trilogy (2005-2012) through critical discourse analysis to uncover its ideological operations. Through a qualitative matrix, the identity, objectives, and actions of both Batman and his antagonists were analyzed by identifying the ideologemes that structure the narrative. The findings reveal a defense of the status quo: Batman, a philanthropic hero of oligarchic origins, restores order and property through authoritarian exceptions and the production of symbols. Villains embody critiques of order, capital, and the political system, recoded as &#8220;external&#8221; threats and chaos. A moral geography of class emerges -virtue flowing downward, criminality rising upward- and deploy an invasion metaphor that personalizes evil while masking structural causes. The article concludes that the trilogy promotes civic rather than political awareness and calls for extending analysis to production, consumption, and materiality for future research.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comunicación de masas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ideología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discurso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cultura de masas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comunicación política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mass communication]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[film]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ideology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[discourse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mass culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political communication]]></kwd>
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</article-meta>
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