<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-2859</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Reflexiones]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Reflexiones]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-2859</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-28592015000100153</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La guerra contra el narcotráfico en México: una guerra perdida]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The War on drugs in Mexico: a Lost War]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zepeda Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Mar  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Campus Huatulco. ]]></addr-line>
<country>MX</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,zepeda_roberto@hotmail.com  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>168</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-28592015000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-28592015000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-28592015000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenDespués del primer año de la administración del presidente Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018), México sigue enfrentando problemas vinculados con el narcotráfico, reflejado en los altos niveles de violencia y el aumento de actividades ilícitas como el secuestro y la extorsión. Una docena de cárteles del narcotráfico luchan por controlar el territorio y las rutas de trasiego de las drogas en el país, lo que genera luchas violentas. Después de tomar posesión como presidente de la República, Felipe Calderón (20062012) lanzó la guerra contra el narcotráfico, y durante su sexenio, aproximadamente 70,000 personas fueron ejecutadas de forma violenta; el número de cárteles del narcotráfico se expandió, y el tráfico de drogas continuó. En este artículo se argumenta que la guerra contra el narcotráfico en el gobierno de Calderón, y en el sexenio de Peña Nieto, ha sido y es una guerra perdida, considerando los resultados. En la primera parte, se hace un breve análisis histórico de la Guerra contra las Drogas en los Estados Unidos y en Colombia. La segunda parte se concentra en el caso de México. Se revisan las tendencias de la narco-violencia, delitos relacionados con el crimen organizado, y los cárteles del narcotráfico que operan en México. Se examinan las causas de los niveles de violencia en años recientes para entender la situación actual en el país. Finalmente, el artículo hace un análisis crítico de la estrategia de seguridad y combate al narcotráfico del ex Presidente Felipe Calderón y su sucesor Enrique Peña Nieto, quien no ha modificado la estrategia general de seguridad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[AbstractAfter the first year of the administration of President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018), Mexico continues to encounter problems related to drug trafficking, which are reflected in the high levels of violence and increases in illicit activities such as kidnapping and extortion. A dozen drug cartels fight to control territory and trafficking routes in the country, which has generated more violence. After becoming the President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) launched a War on Drugs, and during the six years of his presidency, 70,000 people died as a result of the violence. The number of drug trafficking cartels also increased and drug trafficking continued. This article argues that the War on Drugs during the government of Calderón and during the first year of the sexenio of Peña Nieto has been a failed war when considering the results. In the first part of this article, we briefly analyze the history of the War on Drugs in the United States and Colombia. The second part concentrates on the case of Mexico. This section analyzes the tendencies of narco-violence, crime related to organized crime, and the drug cartels operating in Mexico. This work also examines the causes of the high levels of violence in recent years in order to understand the current situation in the country. Finally, this article critically analyzes the security strategies and counter-narcotics strategies of former President Felipe Calderón and his successor, Enrique Peña Nieto, who has not modified the general security strategies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[narcotráfico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[guerra contra las drogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calderón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[narcoejecuciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drug trafficking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[war on drugs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Calderón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[narcoexecutions.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los usos, abusos y retos de la seguridad nacional mexicana, 1946-1990.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[En busca de la seguridad perdida,]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>107-45</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Envían dos mil 500 soldados a realizar actividades diversas.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Jornada]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El siglo de las drogas: el narcotráfico, del Porfiriato al nuevo milenio.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plaza Y Janés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA["Drogas = Violencia / no igual a Fortalecimiento de las Instituciones", Foro Internacional: Drogas. Un balance a un siglo de su prohibición,]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[México Unido contra la Delincuencia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dateline Drug Wars: Colombia: The Wrong Strategy.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Policy]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<numero>77</numero>
<issue>77</issue>
<page-range>154-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Myths of Militarization: The Role of the Military in the War on Drugs in the Americas.]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Transaction Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Trafficking, Political Violence, and U.S. Policy in Colombia in the 1990s.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mama Coca]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Entrevista con TVO, televisión canadiense.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Por qué se está perdiendo la guerra contra la droga? (II): de cucarachas, Estados incapaces y legalizaciones nebulosas.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Razón Publica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>22</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Latin American Program.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tráfico de drogas y crimen organizado en América Latina y el Caribe en el Siglo XXI: retos de la democracia.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Encuentro Internacional Drogas, Usos, y Prevenciones]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>16 - 18 de Mayo 2012</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Quito, Ecuador </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug Control Policies in the United States: What Works and What? Patterns, Prevalence, and Problems of Drug Use in the United States.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas: Key Trends in the 21st Century]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>1-20</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of Florida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Caricom blueprint for illicit drug trafficking. Council on Hemispheric Affairs.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La crisis de seguridad en México.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benitez Manut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>220</numero>
<issue>220</issue>
<page-range>173-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Murder City: Ciudad Juárez and the Global Economy's New Killing Fields.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>324</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Nation Books.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buzan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Security: A New Framework for Analysis.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<page-range>239</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, Colo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington's Futile War on Drugs in Latin America.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>282</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, N.Y. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carpenter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Fire Next Door: Mexico's Drug Violence and the Danger to America.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>307</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cato Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desaparecen en Ciudad Juárez 1,818 mujeres en 5 años.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Financiero]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chomsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Failed states: The abuse of power and the assault on democracy.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexico's Drug Cartels.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Congressional Research Service]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corcoran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexico Drug War: President Enrique Peña Nieto Vows to Continue Fight.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Huffington Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinton, Bush and Plan Colombia.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crandall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Survival]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>159-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crandall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Driven by Drugs: U.S. Policy toward Colombia.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>192</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuellar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[America's Forgotten War.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Embajada de los Estados Unidos en México</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Hoja Informativa: Iniciativa Mérida - Panorama general.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Estado en crisis: crimen organizado y política. Desafíos para la consolidación democrática.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publicaciones de la Casa Chata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico: the militarization trap.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Youngers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drugs and Democracy in Latin America.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>263-302</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>GAO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Control: Narcotics Threat From Colombia Continues to Grow.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United States General Accounting Office (GAO)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[US-Bolivia counternarcotics efforts during the Paz Zamora administration: 1989-1992.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Trafficking in the Americas]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<page-range>217-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Miami ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Miami North-South Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El infierno se llama Michoacán.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Mundo]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Narco: en el corazón de la insurgencia criminal mexicana,]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tendencias Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hootsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How the Sinaloa Cartel Won Mexico's drug war.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Global Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isacson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The US military in the war on drugs.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Youngers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drugs and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>15-60</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coca and Conflict in the Chapare.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ledebur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug War Monitor]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Washington Office on Latin America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lendman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Plan Mexico: Plan Colombia Heads for Mexico.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Global Research Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loveman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Addicted to failure: US security policy in Latin America and the Andean Region.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>367</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Rowman & Littlefield.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How the Zetas Tamed Central America&#8250;s &#8249;Coyotes&#8250;",]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Sight Crime]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fire in the Andes: US foreign policy and cocaine politics in Bolivia and Peru.]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>300</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molzahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Violence in Mexico: Data and Analysis through 2012.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Diego ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Trans-Border Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>432</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Notimex</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Miles de familias de Ciudad Juárez abandonan sus casas por la violencia.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The real war in Mexico: how democracy can defeat the drug cartels",]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Neil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Foreign Affairs]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>63-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Toole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obama Mexico Visit Highlights Ties between U.S. Gun Policy. Mexican Drug War.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Huffington Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Segob: 70 mil muertos con Calderón]]></article-title>
<collab>Proceso</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Proceso]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mexico's Drug War: Balkanization Leads to Regional Challenges.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stratfor, Security Weekly]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peru: Drug Control Policy, Human Rights, and Democracy.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Youngers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drugs and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>185-230</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>192</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Albany, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SUNY Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[23 Bodies Found in Western Mexico.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Huffington Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diseños imperiales sobre México y América Latina. Temas de Nuestra América.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saxe-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Latinoaméricanos]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>101-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seelke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finklea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>44</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Congressional Research Service]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seijas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ver Los Ninis: Mexico's Lost Generation.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SSN)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thoumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franciso E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia.]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>320</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, CO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lynne Rienner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thoumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Illegal Drugs, Economy, and Society in the Andes.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>416</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Woodrow Wilson Center Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The globalization of crime: A transnational organized crime threat assessment.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>303</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[UNODC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Iniciativa Mérida: ¿Nuevo paradigma de cooperación entre México y Estados Unidos en seguridad?]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>411</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zepeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Drug War Mexico: Neoliberalism and Violence in the New Narcoeconomy]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>260</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wendt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social theory of international politics.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>441</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
