<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212025000100047</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/p60x4x94</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Eficacia del aceite esencial de ruda (Ruta graveolens) y el ácido oxálico en el control de varroasis]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Efficacy of rue (Ruta graveolens) essential oil and oxalic acid in the control of varroasis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paulina Amaluisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Ambato Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cevallos Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Ambato Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cevallos Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Ambato Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cevallos Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Ambato Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cevallos Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Ambato Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cevallos Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Indoamérica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ambato Tungurahua]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción. Varroa destructor es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en colonias de Apis mellifera, lo que exige constantes medidas de control. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia del uso de aceite esencial de ruda (Ruta graveolens) y ácido oxálico en el control de Varroa destructor en abejas (Apis mellifera). Materiales y métodos. El estudio fue realizado en apiarios comerciales ubicados en dos localidades de la ciudad de Ambato, Tungurahua, Ecuador, de abril a mayo de 2023. Se aplicó ácido oxálico (5 y 10 g) por sublimación y aceite esencial de ruda (10 y 15 %) en tiras impregnadas, y se usó un tratamiento testigo (sin aplicaciones). Cada tratamiento se aplicó tres veces con intervalos de ocho días. Se evaluó la mortalidad del ácaro y la eficacia de los productos a las 96 h después de la aplicación. Se usó un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Resultados. La mayor tasa de mortalidad del ácaro se obtuvo con el uso de ácido oxálico, y esta incrementó con la dosis y el tiempo de exposición. Al final del periodo de evaluación, la aplicación de ácido oxálico (5 y 10 g) redujo la infestación por V. destructor en un 84,9 y 92,3 %, respectivamente. Con el aceite esencial de ruda (10 y 15 %) se alcanzó un control del 68,0 y 76,5 % de mortalidad, respectivamente. La eficacia de control aumentó con el tiempo, especialmente en los tratamientos con ácido oxálico sublimado. Conclusiones. El ácido oxálico y el aceite esencial de ruda podrían constituir una alternativa viable para su inclusión en un programa de manejo integrado de V. destructor en producciones apícolas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  Varroa destructor is one of the main causes of mortality in Apis mellifera colonies, which requires constant control measures. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of rue (Ruta graveolens) essential oil and oxalic acid in controlling Varroa destructor in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Materials and methods. The study was conducted in commercial apiaries located in two areas of Ambato, Tungurahua, Ecuador, from April to May 2023. Oxalic acid (5 and 10 g) was applied by sublimation, and rue essential oil (10 and 15 %) was applied on impregnated strips; a control treatment (without applications) was also included. Each treatment was applied three times at eight-day intervals. Mite mortality and product efficacy were evaluated 96 h after application. A completely randomized design was used. Results. The highest mite mortality was obtained with oxalic acid, and it increased with dose and exposure time. At the end of the evaluation period, oxalic acid (5 and 10 g) reduced V. destructor infestation by 84.9 y 92.3 %, respectively. Rue essential oil (10 and 15 %) caused 68.0 and 76.5 % mortality, respectively. Control efficacy increased over time, especially in treatments with sublimated oxalic acid. Conclusion. Oxalic acid and rue essential oil could be a viable alternative for inclusion in an integrated management program for V. destructor in beekeeping.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abejas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ácaro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Varroa destructor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[apicultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manejo sustentable]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bees]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Varroa destructor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[apiculture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sustainable management]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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