<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212025000100038</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/jh40ks60</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Unveiling the genetic structure of Costa Rican bovines through genetic admixture models]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Develando la estructura genética de los bovinos costarricenses mediante modelos de mezcla genética]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Leitón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez-Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johnny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernal]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saborío-Montero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Agronomía Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San Carlos]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100038&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  The cattle population in Costa Rica is highly diverse due to the variety of production systems, ongoing crossbreeding, and the increase in genetic imports. Under these circumstances, admixture models provide a more suitable approach to describe the genetic composition of this population than phylogenetic trees based on predefined populations. Objective. To model the genetic structure of the Costa Rican cattle population by means of supervised and unsupervised genetic admixture models. Materials and methods. Hair samples from 1412 randomly selected bovines from 744 herds across 8 regions of Costa Rica were collected in 2015 and genotyped for 18 microsatellite markers. Two approaches that make use of admixture genetic models were compared: an unsupervised scenario, based exclusively on genotype data; and a supervised scenario, which relied on genetic data assisted by prior information on phenotype and production purpose. Results. Analysis of genetic data under both scenarios provided similar results when the number of clusters (K) was lower than five, although estimates from the supervised model were more homogeneous with lower standard deviations. A priori defined subpopulations were distributed consistently among clusters in both scenarios. The most probable subpopulation clustering was observed at K = 3, which mainly separated Bos indicus breeds, Jersey and other Bos taurus breeds. Breed types clustered concordantly with breed clustering, shedding light on the genetic structure of the population. Conclusions. The combination of admixture genetic models under a supervised approach yielded the most consistent results, which reveals the importance of considering genetic-environmental interrelationships to achieve a more precise description of the genetic structure of the Costa Rican cattle population.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  La población ganadera de Costa Rica es altamente diversa debido a la variedad de sistemas de producción, el cruzamiento continuo y el incremento de las importaciones genéticas. Bajo estas circunstancias, los modelos de mezcla podrían ser más eficientes para describir la estructura genética de esta población, a diferencia de árboles filogenéticos basados en poblaciones predefinidas. Objetivo. Modelar la estructura genética de la población bovina costarricense mediante modelos de mezcla genética supervisados y no supervisados. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de pelo de 1412 bovinos seleccionados al azar de 744 hatos en 8 regiones de Costa Rica en el año 2015 y genotipados para 18 marcadores microsatélites. Se compararon dos enfoques que hacen uso de modelos de mezcla genética: un escenario no supervisado, basado exclusivamente en datos de genotipo, y un escenario supervisado, que se basó en datos genéticos asistidos por información previa sobre fenotipo y propósito de producción. Resultados. El análisis de datos genéticos bajo ambos escenarios proporcionó resultados similares cuando el número de conglomerados (K) fue menor a cinco, aunque las estimaciones del modelo supervisado fueron más homogéneas y con menores desviaciones estándar. Las subpoblaciones definidas a priori se distribuyeron consistentemente entre los conglomerados en ambos escenarios. La agrupación de subpoblaciones más probable se obtuvo para K = 3, que separó principalmente las razas Bos indicus, Jersey y otras razas Bos taurus. Los tipos de raza se agruparon de manera concordante con la agrupación de razas, lo que arrojó luz sobre la estructura genética de la población. Conclusiones. La combinación de modelos de mezcla genética bajo un enfoque supervisado proporcionó los resultados más consistentes, lo que revela la importancia de considerar las interrelaciones genético-ambientales para lograr una descripción más precisa de la estructura genética de la población bovina de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cattle breeds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microsatellites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phylogeny]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic clustering]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[razas bovinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microsatélites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[filogenia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conglomerados genéticos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aldridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oyler-Mccance]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An empirical comparison of population genetic analyses using microsatellite and SNP data for a species of conservation concern.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Genomics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
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</back>
</article>
