<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212025000100018</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.2025.61097</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Impacto ambiental de la cadena de producción de pollo de engorde bajo sistemas convencionales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Environmental impact of the broiler production chain under conventional systems]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portillo-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Leitón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  La producción de pollo de engorde es una actividad de creciente importancia económica a nivel mundial, pero que conlleva un impacto ambiental significativo. Objetivo. Estimar el impacto ambiental de la cadena de producción de pollo de engorde bajo sistemas convencionales. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) &#8220;de la cuna a la puerta&#8221;. Los parámetros de base se obtuvieron de una granja avícola ubicada en el cantón de San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica, entre enero y diciembre de 2021. La unidad funcional del ACV fue una tonelada métrica de carne de pollo (tM CP) y se consideraron las categorías de impacto ambiental incluidas en el sistema ReCiPe 2016 v.1.1, con factores de caracterización en nivel de punto medio, bajo una perspectiva jerarquista. Resultados. Los impactos ambientales estimados, en unidades equivalentes por tM CP, fueron los siguientes: calentamiento global, 5208 kg CO2; acidificación terrestre, 52,6 kg SO2; eutrofización marina, 4,19 kg N; eutrofización de agua dulce, 2,47 kg P; uso de la tierra, 5238 m2 año cultivo; consumo de agua, 3962 m3; ecotoxicidad terrestre, 1831 kg 1,4-DCB; ecotoxicidad marina, 2,79 kg 1,4-DCB; ecotoxicidad de agua dulce, 8,49 kg 1,4-DCB; toxicidad humana (cancerígena), 1,13 kg 1,4-DCB; toxicidad humana (no cancerígena), 84,4 kg 1,4-DCB; formación de partículas finas, 8,15 kg PM2.5; agotamiento de recurso fósil, 246,1 kg petróleo; formación de ozono (salud ecosistémica), 10,8 kg NOx; formación de ozono (salud humana), 10,7 kg NOx, y agotamiento de ozono estratosférico, 0,043 kg CFC11. Conclusiones. Los procesos con mayor contribución a los impactos ambientales evaluados en este estudio fueron la producción de alimentos, fertilizantes y combustibles, así como el manejo de los residuos de la granja. La mayor parte del impacto ambiental atribuible a la cadena de producción del pollo de engorde sucede fuera de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  Broiler production is an activity of increasing economic importance worldwide, but it entails a significant environmental impact. Objective. To assess the environmental impact of conventional broiler production chain systems. Materials and methods. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology was used following a &#8220;cradle to gate&#8221; approach. Base parameters were collected from a poultry farm located in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica, during the period January through December 2021. The LCA functional unit was defined as one metric ton of chicken meat (MT CM). Environmental impact categories were analyzed using the ReCiPe 2016 v.1.1 system, with characterization factors at the midpoint level under a hierarchical perspective. Results. The estimated environmental impacts, expressed in equivalent units per MT CM were as follows: global warming, 5208 kg CO2-eq; terrestrial acidification, 52.6 kg SO2-eq; marine eutrophication, 4.19 kg Neq; freshwater eutrophication, 2.47 kg P; land use, 5238 m2 crop year; water consumption, 3962 m3; terrestrial ecotoxicity, 1831 kg 1,4-DCB; marine ecotoxicity, 2.79 kg 1,4-DCB; freshwater ecotoxicity, 8.49 kg 1,4-DCB; human toxicity (carcinogenic), 1.13 kg 1,4-DCB; human toxicity (non-carcinogenic), 84.4 kg 1,4-DCB; fine particulate matter formation, 8.15 kg PM2.5; fossil resource depletion, 246.1 kg oil; ozone formation (ecosystem health), 10.8 kg NOx; ozone formation (human health), 10.7 kg NOx, and stratospheric ozone depletion, 0.043 kg CFC11. Conclusions. The processes contributing most significantly to the environmental impacts evaluated in this study were the production of feed, fertilizers, and fuels, along with farm waste management. The majority of the environmental impact attributable to the broiler production chain occurs outside of Costa Rica&#8217;s borders.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de ciclo de vida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[huella ecológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calentamiento global]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelos de simulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Life cycle analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecological footprint]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[global warming]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[simulation models]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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