<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212025000100014</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.2025.58866</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Caracterización y capacidad de adaptación climática de ganaderos en dos regiones de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Characterization and climate adaptation capacity of livestock farmers in two regions of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés-Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes-Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Waldemar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Molina Lima]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Molina Lima]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  Las lecherías en Costa Rica han sido clasificadas en tres sistemas de producción: los sistemas especializados de altura, los especializados de bajura y los de doble propósito. No obstante, esta tipificación no muestra su nivel de complejidad actual, ya que existe una amplia variedad de sistemas productivos con base en el manejo de prácticas sanitarias, reproductivas y de alimentación. Objetivo. Caracterizar los sistemas de producción de leche en dos regiones ganaderas representativas de Costa Rica y sus capacidades de adaptación tecnológica al cambio climático. Materiales y métodos. Para determinar las características técnico-productivas, sociales y económicas de las fincas ubicadas en las regiones Chorotega y Huetar Norte, se llevó a cabo la aplicación de una encuesta diseñada y validada. La información fue recolectada entre abril y mayo del 2021. Se entrevistaron 143 finqueros, lo que permitió evaluar un total de 193 variables. Seguidamente, se realizó un análisis de conglomerados, y se ejecutó el análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos mediante el método de Ward. Resultados. Se obtuvieron tres conglomerados con capacidades de gestión de finca: alta, media y baja, relacionadas con sus capacidades de adaptación al cambio climático. El primer grupo se conformó por productores con un nivel superior de educación y de gestión del predio (alta capacidad), reflejado así en la adopción de más estrategias de adaptación. Las fincas del segundo grupo (mediana capacidad), con un manejo tecnificado inferior al primer grupo, y el tercer grupo de fincas (baja capacidad), compuesto por productores con el nivel educativo más bajo, demostraron una capacidad de gestión tecnológica más limitada. Conclusiones. La actividad ganadera se caracterizó por tener tres grupos de productores con diferentes capacidades de adaptación al cambio climático.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  Dairy farms in Costa Rica have been classified into three production systems: specialized high-altitude, specialized lowland, and dual-purpose systems. However, this typification does not reflect their current complexity level, as there exists a wide variety of production systems based on sanitary, reproductive and feeding management practices. Objective. To characterize the dairy production systems in two representative livestock regions of Costa Rica and their technological adaptation capacities to climate change. Materials and methods. To determine the technical-productive, social, and economic characteristics of Costa Rican dairy farms located in the Chorotega and Huetar Norte regions, a designed and validated survey was applied. Data were collected between April and May 2021. A total of 143 farmers were interviewed, allowing for the evaluation of 193 variables. Subsequently, cluster analysis was performed, executing hierarchical cluster analysis, using Ward&#8217;s method. Results. Three clusters were obtained with farm management capacities: high, medium, and low, related to their climate change adaptation capacities. The first group comprised producers with higher education and farm management levels (high capacity), reflected in the adoption of more adaptation strategies. The farms of the second group (medium capacity), with lower technical management than the first group, and the third group of farms (low capacity), composed of producers with the lowest educational level, demonstrated a more limited technological management capacity. Conclusions. The livestock activity was characterized by three groups of producers with different climate change adaptation capacities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[granjas lecheras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calentamiento global]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tipologías]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganaderos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dairy farms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[global warming]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[typologies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cattle ranchers]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Comercio, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, &amp; Fundación de la Universidad de Costa Rica.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
