<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212025000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.2024.59110</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Prevalencia de AHPND en camaroneras del Golfo de Nicoya y Pacífico Central, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prevalence of AHPND in shrimp farms of the Nicoya Gulf and Central Pacific, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña-Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorengeth Abad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umaña-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sancho-Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oviedo-Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobedo-Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cesar Marcial]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Nacional Laboratorio de Patología Acuícola Sede del Pacífico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Puntarenas]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Sinaloa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guasave Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  La enfermedad de la necrosis aguda del hepatopáncreas (AHPND, por sus siglas en inglés) es producida por bacterias Vibrio parahaemolyticus que poseen un plásmido con genes que codifican las toxinas pirA y pirB. La enfermedad se caracteriza por descamación masiva de las células epiteliales del hepatopáncreas, así como la atrofia y decoloración de ese órgano. Los camarones enfermos presentan anorexia y muestran un intestino vacío, debilidad, decoloración del cuerpo y altas mortalidades. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND en fincas de camarones en la zona del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Durante los años 2019 y 2020, se recolectaron camarones (Penaeus vannamei) y agua de estanques de 32 fincas localizadas en la costa occidental del golfo de Nicoya (noroeste del país) y la costa del Pacífico Central (Puntarenas-Parrita). Los camarones recolectados en los muestreos tenían un peso de entre 7 y 15 g. El diagnóstico de la presencia de la enfermedad se analizó a nivel molecular con la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) punto final, y diferentes protocolos e iniciadores para detectar los genes de las toxinas pirA y pirB. Además, se hizo una correlación lineal entre la presencia de AHPND y la calidad del agua con el programa estadístico R. Resultados. La presencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND ocurrió en 93,75 % (30/32) de los estanques muestreados en ambas zonas de cultivo. Conclusiones. Este trabajo confirma la presencia y amplia distribución de AHPND en agua y camarones en treinta fincas camaroneras en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  The acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing a plasmid encoding the toxin genes pirA and pirB. The disease is characterized by massive sloughing of epithelial cells in the hepatopancreas, also showing atrophy and discoloration of that organ. Diseased shrimp display anorexia with empty guts, weakness, body discoloration and high mortality. Objective. To determine the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND in farms that grow shrimp in the Pacific zone of Costa Rica. Materials and methods. During the years 2019 and 2020, water and shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) samples were obtained from 32 farms located on the western coast of the Nicoya Gulf (Northwest Costa Rica) and the Central Pacific coast (Puntarenas-Parrita). The samples were analyzed by endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different protocols and primers to detect the toxins pirA and pirB. Further, a linear correlation between the presence of AHPND and water quality was done using the R statistical program. Results. The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND occurred in 93.75 % (30/32) of sampled ponds in both farming areas. Conclusion. This work confirms the presence and wide distribution of AHPND in water and shrimp from thirty shrimp farms in the Costa Rican Pacific.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[camarón blanco]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Penaeus vannamei]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pirA/pirB]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[white shrimp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Penaeus vannamei]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pirA/pirB]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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