<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212023000300022</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.2023.52299</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[SNP fingerprinting and farmer criteria for selection, multiplication, and traceability of cacao in Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Huella genética y criterios de productores para apoyar la selección, multiplicación y trazabilidad del cacao en Nicaragua]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bordeaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mélanie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonny Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abner Castro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oswalt R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orozco-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Nicafrance Finca La Cumplida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Matagalpa]]></addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Nicafrance Finca La Cumplida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Matagalpa]]></addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Nicafrance Finca La Cumplida ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Matagalpa]]></addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Central America (UCA) The Interdisciplinary Institute of Natural Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Managua]]></addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asociación de Exportadores de Nicaragua  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Managua]]></addr-line>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corus International/Lutheran World Relief/Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Turrialba Cartago]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Genetic diversity, registration, and traceability of cacao planting material are the essential tripod to support its sustainable cultivation. In Nicaragua, cocoa planting material is mostly obtained from seeds, which leads to great variability in yield, bean quality, and tolerance to pests and diseases. Farmers, technical staff, development projects, and investors depend on a limited supply of elite trees as a reliable source of genetic material to support new cacao fronts and meet market quality standards. Therefore, the development of a national genetic improvement program and a planting material traceability system in Nicaragua are necessary to improve the sustainability of cacao cultivation. Objective. To evaluate the genetic resources on farms and provide information for future breeding programs, as well as to lay foundation for a national traceability and certification system. Materials and methods. Fourty-nine elite trees selected by farmers in the main producing regions in Nicaragua between 2018 and 2020 were sampled. Ninety-three SNP markers were used to characterize them and resolve their genetic origins. Results. The evaluated cacao trees had a narrow genetic background, mainly composed of hybrids with Amelonado (36 %), Criollo (17 %) and Iquitos (15 %) origins. A set of trees with high genetic diversity that could be incorporated into a selection and breeding program was identified. Conclusion. Fingerprinting with SNP markers was a useful tool for evaluating the genetic links of cultivated cacao and can be used for varietal identity test at the farm level. The study provided the basis for developing both a breeding program and a traceability system of cacao planting material in Nicaragua.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. La diversidad genética, el registro y la trazabilidad del material vegetal del cacao son esenciales para apoyar su cultivo sostenible. En Nicaragua, el material de plantación de cacao se obtiene mayoritariamente a partir de semillas, lo que provoca una gran variabilidad en rendimiento, calidad del grano y tolerancia a plagas y enfermedades. Los agricultores, el personal técnico, los proyectos de desarrollo y los inversores dependen de una oferta limitada de árboles élites como fuente fiable de material genético para apoyar nuevos frentes de cacao y cumplir con los estándares de calidad del mercado. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de un programa nacional de mejoramiento genético y un sistema de trazabilidad del material de siembra en Nicaragua son necesarios para mejorar la sostenibilidad del cultivo. Objetivo. Evaluar los recursos genéticos en las fincas y aportar información para futuros programas de mejoramiento, así como sentar las bases de un sistema nacional de trazabilidad y certificación. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon 49 árboles élites seleccionados por los agricultores en las principales regiones productoras en Nicaragua entre 2018 y 2020. Se utilizaron 93 marcadores SNP para caracterizarles y resolver sus orígenes genéticos. Resultados. Los árboles de cacao evaluados tenían un fondo genético estrecho, compuesto principalmente por híbridos con orígenes Amelonado (36 %), Criollo (17 %) e Iquitos (15 %). Se identificó un conjunto de árboles con alta diversidad genética que podría incorporarse a un programa de selección y mejoramiento. Conclusión. El fingerprinting con marcadores SNP fue una herramienta útil para evaluar los vínculos genéticos del cacao cultivado y puede servir para realizar pruebas de identidad varietal a nivel de finca. El estudio proporcionó las bases para desarrollar tanto un programa de mejoramiento como un sistema de trazabilidad del material vegetal de cacao en Nicaragua.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[registration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant breeding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic groups]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criollo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[registro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fitomejoramiento genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[grupos genéticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[criollo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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