<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212019000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.v30i1.34423</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Antibiosis de proteínas y metabolitos en especies de Trichoderma contra aislamientos paraguayos de Macrophomina phaseolina ]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antibiosis of proteins and metabolites of three species of Trichoderma against paraguayan isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cubilla-Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto Anastacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruíz-Díaz-Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dani Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Giubi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Eugenia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barúa-Chamorro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>77</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. Macrophomina phaseolina es un hongo necrotrófico de difícil control. Hongos biocontroladores, como las especies del género Trichoderma, son una alternativa para cultivos afectados por este fitopatógeno. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la capacidad de antibiosis de Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. brevicompactum y T. harzianum, contra dos aislamientos de M. phaseolina. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se efectuó entre octubre de 2015 y marzo del 2016. Se utilizaron tres cepas de referencia de Trichoderma: T. arundinaceum (IBT40837), T. brevicompactum (IBT40841) y T. harzianum T34 (CECT2413) y de M. phaseolina dos aislamientos (FCQ6 y FCQ9). Se realizaron ensayos de confrontación directa, antibiosis y análisis del perfil de proteínas y metabolitos secretados por Trichoderma. Resultados. Las especies de Trichoderma empleadas inhibieron de forma significativa el crecimiento de los dos aislamientos de M. phaseolina en los ensayos de confrontación directa, membrana de celofán y/o membrana de diálisis. En el ensayo de confrontación directa la mayor inhibición del crecimiento de los hongos se observó a las 96 h. El hongo aislado de sésamo (Sesamun indicum L., variedad Escoba blanca), permitió la evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de las moléculas de alto y bajo peso molecular incluso hasta las 120 h, donde T. arundinaceum mantuvo 100% de inhibición del crecimiento; en este mismo tiempo de exposición, los hongos T. brevicompactum y T. harzianum demostraron la importancia de las moléculas de alto peso molecular para el mantenimiento de la actividad antifúngica. Los resultados mostraron la diversidad de metabolitos secundarios y proteínas secretadas por las tres especies de Trichoderma. Conclusión. Este trabajo constituye la primera descripción de la actividad antifúngica de T. arundinaceum y T. brevicompactum contra M. phaseolina, y además, se destaca el potencial de hongos aislados de suelo nativo como alternativa biológica para el control de hongos fitopatógenos de importancia agrícola.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Macrophomina phaseolina is a necrotrophic fungus that is difficult to control. Biocontrol agents, like the species of the genus Trichoderma, are an alternative for the management of crop diseases caused by this plant-pathogen. Objective. The objective of the present work was to determine the antibiosis capacity of Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. brevicompactum and T. harzianum, against two isolates of M. phaseolina. Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out from October 2015 to March 2016. Three reference strains of Trichoderma were used: T. arundinaceum (IBT40837), T. brevicompactum (IBT40841) and T. harzianum T34 (CECT2413); and two isolates of M. phaseolina (FCQ6 and FCQ9). Direct confrontation and antibiosis assays were performed, and profiling of proteins and metabolites secreted from Trichoderma. Results. The Trichoderma species significantly inhibited the growth of both M. phaseolina isolates in the direct confrontation assay, cellophane and/or dialysis membrane. In the direct confrontation trial, the greatest inhibition of fungal growth was observed at 96 h. M. phaseolina isolated from sesame (Sesamum indicum L. cultivar Escoba blanca) allowed the evaluation of the antifungal activity of the molecules of high and low molecular weight even up to 120 h. T. arundinaceum maintained 100% growth inhibition in both cellophane and dialysis membrane indicating that low molecular weight metabolites were enough for complete growth inhibition of this M. phaseolina isolate. In contrast, T. brevicompactum and T. harzianum demonstrated the importance of high molecular weight molecules for the maintenance of antifungal activity. In addition, the complexity of secondary metabolites and proteins secreted by the three Trichoderma species was demonstrated. Conclusion. This work is the first description of the antifungal activity of T. arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum against M. phaseolina and also highlights the potential of fungi isolated from native soil as a biological alternative for the control of plant-pathogenic fungi of agricultural importance.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antagonismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control biológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hongos patógenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[micotoxinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[podredumbre carbonosa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antagonism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biological control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[charcoal rot]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mycotoxins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pathogenic fungi]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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