<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-097X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[MHSalud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[MHSalud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-097X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-097X2026000100012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/mhs.23-1.20979</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto relativo de la edad en el fútbol profesional costarricense. Un análisis por torneos, posiciones de juego e indicadores competitivos de participación]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Relative age effect in costa rican professional football. An Analysis by Tournaments, Playing Positions, and Competitive Participation Indicators]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Efeito relativo da idade no futebol profissional da Costa Rica. Uma análise por torneios, posições em campo e indicadores competitivos de participação]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ugalde-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Alexis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de la Rubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Ureña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Braulio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randall]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pino-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI) Núcleo de Estudios para el Alto Rendimiento y la Salud (NARS)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF Departamento de Deportes]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI) Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA-NARS)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI) Núcleo de Estudios para el Alto Rendimiento y la Salud (NARS)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Murcia Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Murcia ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-097X2026000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-097X2026000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-097X2026000100012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo: Analizar la distribución de los futbolistas profesionales costarricenses por fecha de nacimiento, comparando por torneos, posiciones de juego y explorando la relación entre el efecto relativo de la edad (RAE, por sus siglas en inglés) y el rendimiento colectivo e indicadores de participación individual.  Métodos: Un total de 919 jugadores masculinos que participaron en 10 torneos a lo largo de cinco años en Costa Rica fueron agrupados en cuatro cuartiles, según su fecha de nacimiento (Q1 = ene-mar, Q2 = abr-jun, Q3 = jul-sept, y Q4 = oct-dic) y seis posiciones de juego: porteros, defensores centrales, laterales, centrocampistas centrales, centrocampistas exteriores y delanteros. El indicador de rendimiento competitivo colectivo fue la posición del equipo en la tabla de clasificación y a los indicadores de participación individual los constituyeron: el porcentaje de convocatorias, partidos y minutos jugados.  Resultados: Se encontró un mayor porcentaje de jugadores nacidos en Q1 y Q2 en nueve torneos, comparado con Q4 (p&lt; 0.05; OR: de 1.46 a 1.70). Entre los laterales, el mayor porcentaje correspondió a Q2, mientras que entre los centrocampistas centrales y extremos fue Q1. Entre los cuatro primeros equipos hubo un mayor número de jugadores Q1, pero no se encontró una relación significativa entre la RAE y la tabla final de clasificación (p &gt; 0,05). Los jugadores nacidos en Q1 y Q2 tuvieron un mayor porcentaje de convocatorias, partidos en los que ejercieron participación y minutos jugados por partido (p &lt; 0.03).  Conclusión: En el fútbol profesional costarricense se observó RAE; se manifestó principalmente en los laterales y centrocampistas. El RAE no influye en el rendimiento colectivo, pero sí afecta los indicadores de participación individual.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective: To analyze the distribution of Costa Rican professional football players by date of birth, compare them by tournaments and playing positions, and explore the relationship between the relative age effect (RAE) and collective performance and individual participation indicators.  Methods: A total of 919 male players who participated in 10 tournaments across five years in Costa Rica were grouped into four quartiles, according to their date of birth (Q1= jan-mar, Q2= apr-jun, Q3= jul-sept, and Q4= oct-dec), and six playing positions: goalkeepers, central defenders, full-backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. The collective competitive performance indicator was the team&#8217;s position in the table of classification, and individual participation indicators were the percentage of call-ups, matches played, and minutes played.  Results: It was found a higher percentage of players were born in Q1 and Q2 across nine tournaments compared with Q4 (p&lt; 0.05; OR: 1.46 to 1.70). Among fullbacks, the highest percentage was in Q2, while central and wide midfielders were in Q1. Among the top four teams, there was a higher number of Q1 players; no significant relationship was found between the RAE and the final table of classification (p&gt; 0.05). Players born in Q1 and Q2 had higher percentages of call-ups, matches played during the tournaments, and minutes played per match than Q3 and Q4 (p&lt; 0.03).  Conclusions: There was RAE in Costa Rican professional football. It was manifested mainly in fullbacks and midfielders. RAE does not influence collective performance, but it affects individual participation indicators.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição dos jogadores profissionais de futebol da Costa Rica por data de nascimento, comparando por torneios e posições em campo, e explorando a relação entre o efeito relativo da idade (RAE) e o desempenho coletivo, bem como indicadores de participação individual.  Métodos: Um total de 919 jogadores do sexo masculino que participaram de 10 torneios ao longo de cinco anos na Costa Rica foram agrupados em quatro quartis de acordo com a data de nascimento (Q1 = jan-mar, Q2 = abr-jun, Q3 = jul-set e Q4 = out -dez) e seis posições de jogo: goleiros, zagueiros centrais, laterais, meio-campistas centrais, meio-campistas laterais e atacantes. O indicador de desempenho competitivo coletivo foi a posição da equipe na tabela de classificação, e como indicadores de participação individual foram: a porcentagem de convocações, partidas e minutos jogados.  Resultados: Observou-se uma maior porcentagem de jogadores nascidos em Q1 e Q2 em nove torneios em comparação com Q4 (p &lt; 0,05; OR: 1,46 a 1,70). Entre os laterais, a maior porcentagem correspondeu ao Q2, enquanto entre os meio-campistas centrais e laterais foi o Q1. Entre as quatro primeiras equipes, houve um maior número de jogadores do Q1, mas não foi encontrada uma relação significativa entre a RAE e a tabela final de classificação (p &gt; 0,05). Os jogadores nascidos no primeiro e no segundo trimestres apresentaram maior porcentagem de convocações, partidas em que participaram e minutos jogados por partida (p &lt; 0,03).  Conclusão: No futebol profissional da Costa Rica, observou-se a RAE, manifestando-se principalmente nos laterais e nos meiocampistas. A RAE não influencia o desempenho coletivo, mas afeta os indicadores de participação individual.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[football]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[age]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[team sport]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[performance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fútbol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[edad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[deportes de equipo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rendimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[futebol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[idade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[esportes coletivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desempenho]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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