<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-0201</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Población y Salud en Mesoamérica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[PSM]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-0201</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro Centroamericano de Población]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-02012022000100355</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/psm.v0i19.48097</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Consumo de alimentos altamente procesados y de alta palatabilidad y su relación con el sobrepeso y la obesidad]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ultra-processed and highly palatable foods on the development of obesity]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vindas-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rebeca]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Sanabria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dayana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>355</fpage>
<lpage>379</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-02012022000100355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-02012022000100355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-02012022000100355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción: la obesidad es un rasgo multifactorial determinado por la interacción de factores biológicos, ambientales, psicosociales y político-socioeconómicos. Propósito: el objetivo de esta revisión descriptiva-exploratoria es discutir el papel del consumo de alimentos altamente procesados y de alta palatabilidad (APAP) en la epidemia de la obesidad, así como presentar algunas propuestas para disminuir su ingesta. Argumentos para la discusión: los APAP se caracterizan por ser energéticamente densos, ricos en grasas y azúcares. En su formulación se utiliza una gran cantidad de aditivos industriales para potenciar su sabor, vida útil y la estabilidad de sus componentes. Suelen contener sustancias químicas conocidas como disruptores endocrinos (EDC) que se transfieren de los empaques al alimento, como el bisfenol A y los ftalatos, y afectan distintas vías de señalización hormonal, promoviendo alteraciones en el metabolismo del tejido adiposo y otros sistemas endocrinos. El sobreconsumo de APAP induce a cambios neuroplásticos en el sistema de recompensa y esto aumenta, a la vez, el número de porciones, con la subsecuente acumulación de grasa corporal; además, dicho abuso causa desbalances en la composición del microbioma intestinal (disbiosis) asociados al desarrollo de obesidad. Conclusiones: el sobreconsumo de APAP incrementa el riesgo de obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, máxime si se inicia a edades tempranas. Para contrarrestar esta problemática, se plantea cambiar la estructura de la canasta básica, regular la venta dentro y alrededor de centros educativos, crear mayores impuestos y fortalecer la investigación en obesidad, APAP y EDC.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Obesity is a multifactorial trait provoked by the interaction of biological, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors. Proposal: The goal of the present review is to discuss the role of ultra-processed and highly palatable foods (UPHP) in the development of the obesity epidemic through an exploratory-descriptive review and to present some suggestions for controlling its consumption. Arguments for discussion: UPHP are energy dense foods with high contents of fat and sugar. UPHP are formulated with many industrial additives used for enhancing flavor, shelf life, and the stability of their components. UPHP used to contain diverse chemicals known as endocrine disruptors (EDC), which are transferred from packaging to foods, with bisphenol A and phthalates as the most common EDC. The EDC disrupt different hormonal signaling pathways affecting the metabolism of the adipose tissue and other endocrine systems. The overconsumption of UPHP induces neuroplastic changes in the brain reward system that increases their consumption, leading to body fat accumulation. In addition, the overconsumption of UPHP alters the composition of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis), which is associated with the development of obesity. Conclusions: The overconsumption of UPHP increases the risk of obesity and its related chronic, non-communicable diseases, especially when consumption initiates during early life. To counteract this problem, we proposed the following actions: changing the structure of the market-food basket, incorporating regulations to reduce the UPHP supply in and around educational centers, creating new taxes upon UPHP, and strengthening the research regarding obesity, and the effects of UPHP and EDC.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comida chatarra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[disruptores endocrinos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microbioma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistema de recompensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alimentos altamente procesados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alimentos de alta palatabilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[junk food]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[endocrine disruptors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microbiome]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reward system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[highly processed foods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[highly palatable foods]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using extended genealogy to estimate components of heritability for 23 quantitative and dichotomous traits]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Genetics]]></source>
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