<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-4142</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Cardiología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cardiol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-41422003000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Autotransfusión y terapia de componentes sanguíneos autológos en cirugía cardíaca: consideraciones generales y experiencia en el Hospital México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Induni López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,CCSS Hospital México Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax y Cardiovascular]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422003000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: La autotransfusión sanguínea y terapia de componentes autólogos ha sido una modalidad que se ha utilizado desde hace más de 2 siglos experimentando gracias a los avances técnicos recientes, su implementación en maniobras que redundan en ahorro y eliminación de pérdidas sanguíneas en procedimientos quirúrgicos extensos, así como los riesgos inherentes a la transfusión homóloga. Objetivos: Disminuír el número de días de estancia hospitalaria en pacientes preparándose para cirugía extracorpórea, y emplear plaquetoferésis preoperatoria y gomas biológicas plaquetarias para disminuir el sangrado y los requerimientos transfusionales en cirugía cardíaca. Material y métodos: De los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea en el Hospital México en un período comprendido entre Febrero de 1997 y Febrero del 2003, fue utilizada la autotransfusión de glóbulos rojos por recuperación intraoperatoria en un total de 150 pacientes. A todos se les realizó autotransfusión de globulos rojos lavados para lo cual se utilizó la máquina tipo Cell Saver, Secuestra 1000, (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Mn.). Se incluyeron pacientes con reoperaciones cardíacas, cirugía coronaria múltiple o complicada, cirugías intracardíacas complejas, pacientes anémicos o de grupos sanguíneos raros sin posibilidad de obtener sangre y pacientes Testigos de Jehová como parte del protocolo de cirugía. A pacientes con cirugías complejas y sin previa heparinizacion, se les realizó secuesto plaquetario preoperatorio ademas de confeccionar gel sellante con concentrados plaquetarios. La circulación extracorpórea fué realizada con hipotermia moderada en todos los pacientes excepto en uno con una cirugía compleja en que se requirió arresto circulatorio con hipotermia profunda. Los datos referentes al hematocrito pre, trans y postoperatorios fueron recopilados, así como el número de unidades de componentes obtenidas, analizando otras variables relacionadas. Resultados: Se realizaron un total de 225 cirugías en 150 pacientes para un promedio de 1.5 procedimientos por paciente. De los 150 pacientes operados, 100 correspondieron a hombres (66%) y 50 a mujeres (33%). El promedio de edad fue de 47.8 (+ 22.8 -34.8). Veintiseis pacientes correspondieron a Testigos de Jehová por lo que su utilización fue indicada ante la condición de no ser transfundidos. Se procesaron un total de 317.76 litros de aspirado del campo operatorio. Un total de 156.45 litros de glóbulos rojos fueron recuperados del aspirado, correspondiendo a un promedio de 1.043 cc por paciente. A 26 pacientes se les realizó plaquetoféresis y plasmaféresis preoperatoria, obteniéndose 11.000 cc de plasma fresco, siendo un promedio de 423.07 cc, así como 5.600 cc de plaquetas (215.38 cc por paciente). Se confeccionó gel plaquetario en veinte pacientes, utilizado para sellar sitios sangrantes en reoperaciones, aneurismas de aorta y en suturas de cardiotomías, obteniéndose un promedio de 64.28 cc de gel plaquetario claro por paciente. La hemostasia fue exitosa en todos los pacientes después de realizada su aplicación. Un total de 30 unidades de banco fueron procesadas para separar los glóbulos rojos. Ningún paciente a los cuales se realizó plaquetoféresis requirió que fuese transfundido con plaquetas adicionales o plasma fresco. Las cuentas plaquetarias preoperatorias fueron en promedio 207.000 pks / mm3 y las postoperatorias de control fueron 203.000 / mm3. Se observó una disminución en el sangrado promedio post cirugía de 740 cc, a 230 cc en los que se realizó plaquetoféresis obteniéndose casi un 70 % menos de sangrado en los sellos de tórax. A los pacientes Testigos de Jehová, se les procesó un promedio de 650 cc, en relación al promedio general de 1.043 cc. El requerimiento transfusional homólogo en el postoperatorio inmediato por paciente, fue de 0.9 unidades, comparado con 4.1 unidades utilizadas por paciente normalmente existiendo una reducción de más del 70%. El hematocrito preoperatorio fue de 38.3%; al encontrarse en hemodilución transoperatoria por circulación extracorpórea se obtuvo un promedio de 20.5%, y en el postoperatorio inmediato del 31%. La estancia preoperatoria fue de 2 días en pacientes con autotransfusión comparado a 6.2 promedio cuando fue necesario conseguir donantes de sangre, y la estancia postoperatoria fue de 7 y 7.2 días respectivamente. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo nos muestra un método novedoso para el ahorro sanguíneo, siendo de gran importancia no solo en el ámbito económico al reducir los días de estancia pre y postoperatoria, sino que además se eliminan los riesgos de transfusión homóloga ampliamente conocidos. Se disminuyeron los requerimientos transfusionales de GRE en un 70% y se eliminaron los de plaquetas en su totalidad. Así mismo se redujo el sangrado postoperatorio en forma significativa del 68% en pacientes con plaquetoféresis, sumándose a ésto la efectividad del gel plaquetario que fue del 100%. Sin duda alguna la experiencia mostrada nos revela un procedimiento con un amplio horizonte de usos terapéuticos y resultados alentadores visto desde la perspectiva de las técnicas de ahorro sanguíneo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: Blood auto transfusion and autologeous blood component therapy has been a modality that has been used for more than 2 centuries, and experiences, thanks to recent technical advances, its implementation in maneuvers which lead to saving and eliminating blood loss in extensive surgical procedures, as well as the inherent risks to the transfusion homologate. Objectives: To reduce the number of days of hospital stay in patients getting ready for extracorporeal surgery, and to use preoperatory plateletpheresis and biological platelet glues to reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements in heart surgery. Material and methods: Of the patients submitted to heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation in the México Hospital during the period of February 1997 to February 2003, the autotransfusion of red cells was used by recovery in a total of 150 patients. To each of them was performed an autotransfusion of washed red cells for which was used a Cell Saver type machine, Secuestra1000, (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Mn.). Included were patient with heart re-do, multiple or complicated coronary surgery, anemic patients or of strange sanguine groups without possibility of obtaining blood, and Jehova's Witness patients as part of the surgery protocol. Patients with complex surgeries and without previous heparinization underwent preoperative platelet sequestration besides the confection of sealing gel rich in platelet concentrate. Extracorporeal circulation was carried out with moderate hypothermia in all patients except for one with a complex surgery where circulatory arrest was required with profound hypothermia. Relating data to the pre, trans and post surgery hematocrit were gathered, as well as the number of component units obtained, analyzing other related variables. Results: A total of 225 surgeries in 150 patients were carried out for an average of 1.5 procedures per patient. Of the 150 operated patients, 100 were men (66%) and 50 were women (33%). The average age was 47.8 + 22.8 -34.8. Twenty six patients were Jehovah’s Witness and their participation was indicated under the condition that they were not to be transfused. A total of 317.76 liters of aspired sample was processed from the operation field. A total of 156.45 liters of red globules were recovered from the aspired sample, corresponding to an average of 1043 cc per patient. To 26 patients was carried out a pre surgery plateletpheresis and plasmapheresis, obtaining a total of 11,000 cc of fresh plasma, for an average of 423.07 cc, and 5,600 cc of platelets (215.38 cc per patient). Platelet rich gel was made in twenty patients, and used to seal bleeding sites in resurgeries, aortic aneurism and in cardiotomy sutures, obtaining an average of 64.28 cc of clear platelet gel per patient. The hemostasis was successful in all the patients after the application. A total of 30 bank units were processed to separate the red cells. None of the patients submitted to pre surgery plateletpheresis required transfusion of additional platelets or fresh plasma. The pre surgery platelet counts were an average of 207,000pks/mm3 and the post surgery control count was 203,000pks / mm3. One observes a decrease in the average post surgery bleeding from 740 cc, to 230 cc in those submitted to plateletpheresis obtaining almost 70% less bleeding in the thoracic drains. To the Jehova's Witness patients, an average of 650 cc was processed in relation to the general average of 1043 cc. The required homologous transfusion in the post surgery patient was of 0.9 units compared to 4.1 units used normally by a patient representing a reduction of more than 70%. The pre surgery hematocrit was of 38.3% and during hemodilution by extracorporeal circulation an average of 20.5% was obtained, and in the immediate post surgery a 31% was obtained. The pre surgery stay was of 2 days in auto transfusion patients compared to a 6.2 average when blood donors were required, and the postoperative stay was 7 and 7.2 days respectively. Conclusions: The present study shows a novel method for sanguine saving, which holds not only great importance in the economical environment due to the reduction in hospital days before and after surgery, but also for eliminating the broadly and well-known risks of homologous transfusion. The transfusion requirements of RBC were reduced up to 70% and those for platelets were eliminated entirety. Also post surgery bleeding decreased significantly in 68% in patients with plateletpheresys, adding to that the 100% effectiveness of the platelet gel. Without a doubt this experience reveals a procedure with a wide horizon of therapeutic uses and encouraging results seen from the perspective of the blood saving technicians.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cirugía Cardíaca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Autotransfusión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Técnicas de ahorro sanguíneo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Transfusión autóloga]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Heard Surery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Auto -transfussion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Blood Save Technical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Autologous transfussion]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[         <dl>     <dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>       <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Trabajo Original</font></b></dt>         <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</font></b></dt>           <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</font></b></dt>             <center>     <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Autotransfusi&oacute;n  y terapia de componentes sangu&iacute;neos autol&oacute;gos en cirug&iacute;a  card&iacute;aca.</font></b></dt>             </center>               <center>     <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Consideraciones generales  y experiencia en el Hospital M&eacute;xico.</font></b></dt>               </center>                 <dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                   ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                     <center>     <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   Dr. Eduardo Induni L&oacute;pez, Dr. Manuel Alvarado, Dr. Edgar M&eacute;ndez,  Dr. Juan Pucci&nbsp;<a name="*"></a>                     <a href="#*a">*</a>                     </font></font></b></dt>                     </center>                       <center>     <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   &nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                       </center>                         <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   &nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                           <dt> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   &nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                         <dt style="text-align: justify; "> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   Resumen &nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                           </dl>                                                                                        <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>  Introducci&oacute;n:</b> La autotransfusi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea y terapia  de componentes aut&oacute;logos ha sido una modalidad que se ha utilizado  desde hace m&aacute;s de 2 siglos experimentando gracias a los avances t&eacute;cnicos  recientes, su implementaci&oacute;n en maniobras que redundan en ahorro y  eliminaci&oacute;n de p&eacute;rdidas sangu&iacute;neas en procedimientos  quir&uacute;rgicos extensos, as&iacute; como los riesgos inherentes a la transfusi&oacute;n hom&oacute;loga.</font></font></div>                                                                                           <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br>   Objetivos:</b> Disminu&iacute;r el n&uacute;mero de d&iacute;as de estancia  hospitalaria en pacientes prepar&aacute;ndose para cirug&iacute;a extracorp&oacute;rea,  y emplear plaquetofer&eacute;sis preoperatoria y gomas biol&oacute;gicas plaquetarias para disminuir el sangrado y los requerimientos transfusionales en cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca.</font></font></div>                                                                                           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br>   Material y m&eacute;todos: </b>De los pacientes sometidos a cirug&iacute;a  card&iacute;aca con circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea en el Hospital  M&eacute;xico en un per&iacute;odo comprendido entre Febrero de 1997 y Febrero  del 2003, fue utilizada la autotransfusi&oacute;n de gl&oacute;bulos rojos  por recuperaci&oacute;n intraoperatoria en un total de 150 pacientes. A todos  se les realiz&oacute; autotransfusi&oacute;n de globulos rojos lavados para  lo cual se utiliz&oacute; la m&aacute;quina tipo Cell Saver, Secuestra 1000,  (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Mn.). Se incluyeron pacientes con reoperaciones card&iacute;acas, cirug&iacute;a coronaria m&uacute;ltiple o complicada, cirug&iacute;as intracard&iacute;acas complejas, pacientes an&eacute;micos o de grupos sangu&iacute;neos raros sin posibilidad de obtener sangre y pacientes Testigos de Jehov&aacute; como parte del protocolo de cirug&iacute;a. A pacientes con cirug&iacute;as complejas y sin previa heparinizacion, se les realiz&oacute; secuesto plaquetario preoperatorio ademas de confeccionar gel sellante con concentrados plaquetarios. La circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea fu&eacute; realizada con hipotermia moderada en todos los pacientes excepto en uno con una cirug&iacute;a compleja en que se requiri&oacute; arresto circulatorio con hipotermia profunda. Los datos referentes al hematocrito pre, trans y postoperatorios fueron recopilados, as&iacute; como el n&uacute;mero de unidades de componentes obtenidas, analizando otras variables relacionadas.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                          <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br>  Resultados:</b> Se realizaron un total de 225 cirug&iacute;as en 150 pacientes  para un promedio de 1.5 procedimientos por paciente.</font></font></div>                                                                                             <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">    <br>   De los 150 pacientes operados, 100 correspondieron a hombres (66%) y 50  a mujeres (33%). El promedio de edad fue de 47.8 (+ 22.8 -34.8).</font></font></div>                                                                                             <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">    <br>   Veintiseis pacientes correspondieron a Testigos de Jehov&aacute; por lo  que su utilizaci&oacute;n fue indicada ante la condici&oacute;n de no ser  transfundidos. Se procesaron un total de 317.76 litros de aspirado del campo  operatorio.</font></font></div>                                                                                             <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">    <br>   Un total de 156.45 litros de gl&oacute;bulos rojos fueron recuperados del  aspirado, correspondiendo a un promedio de 1.043 cc por paciente. A 26 pacientes  se les realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis y plasmaf&eacute;resis preoperatoria,  obteni&eacute;ndose 11.000 cc de plasma fresco, siendo un promedio de 423.07  cc, as&iacute; como 5.600 cc de plaquetas (215.38 cc por paciente). Se confeccion&oacute;   gel plaquetario en veinte pacientes, utilizado para sellar sitios sangrantes   en reoperaciones, aneurismas de aorta y en suturas de cardiotom&iacute;as,   obteni&eacute;ndose un promedio de 64.28 cc de gel plaquetario claro por  paciente.</font></font></div>                                                                                         <dl>                           <dt style="text-align: justify; "> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   La hemostasia fue exitosa en todos los pacientes despu&eacute;s de realizada  su aplicaci&oacute;n. Un total de 30 unidades de banco fueron procesadas para separar los gl&oacute;bulos rojos. Ning&uacute;n paciente a los cuales se realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis requiri&oacute; que fuese transfundido  con plaquetas adicionales o plasma fresco. Las cuentas plaquetarias preoperatorias  fueron en promedio 207.000 pks / mm3 y las postoperatorias de control fueron  203.000 / mm3. Se observ&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n en el sangrado promedio  post cirug&iacute;a de 740 cc, a 230 cc en los que se realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis  obteni&eacute;ndose casi un 70 % menos de sangrado en los sellos de t&oacute;rax.</font></font></dt>                             </dl>                                                                                                     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   A los pacientes Testigos de Jehov&aacute;, se les proces&oacute; un promedio  de 650 cc, en relaci&oacute;n al promedio general de 1.043 cc.</font></font></div>                                                                                                 <dl>                             <dt style="text-align: justify; "> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   El requerimiento transfusional hom&oacute;logo en el postoperatorio inmediato  por paciente, fue de 0.9 unidades, comparado con 4.1 unidades utilizadas por paciente normalmente existiendo una reducci&oacute;n de m&aacute;s del 70%. El hematocrito preoperatorio fue de 38.3%; al encontrarse en hemodiluci&oacute;n  transoperatoria por circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea se obtuvo un promedio de 20.5%, y en el postoperatorio inmediato del 31%. La estancia preoperatoria fue de 2 d&iacute;as en pacientes con autotransfusi&oacute;n comparado a 6.2 promedio cuando fue necesario conseguir donantes de sangre, y la estancia postoperatoria fue de 7 y 7.2 d&iacute;as respectivamente.</font></font></dt>                               <dt style="text-align: justify; "> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   &nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">  <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>  Conclusiones:</b> El presente  trabajo nos muestra un m&eacute;todo novedoso  para el ahorro sangu&iacute;neo,  siendo de gran importancia no solo en el  &aacute;mbito econ&oacute;mico al reducir los d&iacute;as de estancia pre  y postoperatoria, sino que adem&aacute;s  se eliminan los riesgos de transfusi&oacute;n  hom&oacute;loga ampliamente  conocidos. Se disminuyeron los requerimientos  transfusionales de GRE en un 70% y se eliminaron los de plaquetas en su totalidad.  As&iacute; mismo se redujo el sangrado postoperatorio en forma significativa  del 68% en pacientes con plaquetof&eacute;resis, sum&aacute;ndose a &eacute;sto  la efectividad del gel plaquetario que fue del 100%. Sin duda alguna la experiencia  mostrada nos revela un procedimiento con un amplio horizonte de usos terap&eacute;uticos   y resultados alentadores visto desde la perspectiva de las t&eacute;cnicas   de ahorro sangu&iacute;neo.</font></font></dt>                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">  <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">  &nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">  <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">  Palabras clave</font></font></b></dt>                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">                                          <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">  &nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Cirug&iacute;a Card&iacute;aca,   Autotransfusi&oacute;n, T&eacute;cnicas de ahorro sangu&iacute;neo, Transfusi&oacute;n   aut&oacute;loga.</font></font></dt>                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Summary</font></font></b></dt>                                                 </dl>                                                                                                                                                                       <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>   Introduction:</b> Blood auto transfusion and autologeous blood component  therapy has been a modality that has been used for more than 2 centuries,  and experiences, thanks to recent technical advances, its implementation in maneuvers which lead to saving and eliminating blood loss in extensive surgical procedures, as well as the inherent risks to the transfusion homologate.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                         <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br>   Objectives:</b> To reduce the number of days of hospital stay in patients  getting ready for extracorporeal surgery, and to use preoperatory plateletpheresis  and biological platelet glues to reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements  in heart surgery.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                         <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br>   Material and methods:</b> Of the patients submitted to heart surgery with  extracorporeal circulation in the M&eacute;xico Hospital during the period  of February 1997 to February 2003, the autotransfusion of red cells was used  by recovery in a total of 150 patients. To each of them was performed an autotransfusion of washed red cells for which was used a Cell Saver type machine, Secuestra1000, (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Mn.). Included were patient with heart re-do, multiple or complicated coronary surgery, anemic patients or of strange sanguine groups without possibility of obtaining blood, and Jehova's Witness patients as part of the surgery protocol. Patients with complex surgeries and without previous heparinization underwent preoperative platelet sequestration besides the confection of sealing gel rich in platelet concentrate. Extracorporeal circulation was carried out with moderate hypothermia in all patients except for one with a complex surgery where circulatory arrest was required with profound hypothermia. Relating data to the pre, trans and post surgery hematocrit were gathered, as well as the number of component units obtained, analyzing other related variables.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>    <br> Results:</b> A total of 225 surgeries in 150 patients were carried out for  an average of 1.5 procedures  per patient.    <br>                                                            <br>                                                        </font></font></div>                                                                                                             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">  Of the 150 operated patients,  100 were men (66%) and 50 were women (33%).  The average age was 47.8 + 22.8 -34.8.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">       <br>  Twenty six patients were Jehovah&#8217;s Witness and their participation was indicated  under the condition that they were not to be transfused. A total of 317.76  liters of aspired sample was processed from the operation field.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                 <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">    <br>   A total of 156.45 liters of red globules were recovered from the aspired  sample, corresponding to an average of 1043 cc per patient. To 26 patients  was carried out a pre surgery plateletpheresis and plasmapheresis, obtaining  a total of 11,000 cc of fresh plasma, for an average of 423.07 cc, and 5,600  cc of platelets (215.38 cc per patient). Platelet rich gel was made in twenty  patients, and used to seal bleeding sites in resurgeries, aortic aneurism  and in cardiotomy sutures, obtaining an average of 64.28 cc of clear platelet  gel per patient.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                             <dl>                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">The hemostasis was successful   in all the patients after the application. A total of 30 bank units were  processed to separate the red cells. None of the patients submitted to pre  surgery plateletpheresis required transfusion of additional platelets or fresh plasma. The pre surgery platelet counts were an average of 207,000pks/mm3  and the post surgery control count was 203,000pks / mm3. One observes a decrease  in the average post surgery bleeding from 740 cc, to 230 cc in those submitted  to plateletpheresis obtaining almost 70% less bleeding in the thoracic drains.</font></font></dt>                                                   </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                       <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   To the Jehova's Witness patients, an average of 650 cc was processed in  relation to the general average of 1043 cc.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                       <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">    <br>   The required homologous transfusion in the post surgery patient was of 0.9  units compared to 4.1 units used normally by a patient representing a reduction  of more than 70%. The pre surgery hematocrit was of 38.3% and during hemodilution  by extracorporeal circulation an average of 20.5% was obtained, and in the  immediate post surgery a 31% was obtained. The pre surgery stay was of 2 days in auto transfusion patients compared to a 6.2 average when blood donors were required, and the postoperative stay was 7 and 7.2 days respectively.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                   <dl>                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>Conclusions: </b>The present   study shows a novel method for sanguine saving, which holds not only great   importance in the economical environment due to the reduction in hospital   days before and after surgery, but also for eliminating the broadly and well-known risks of homologous transfusion. The transfusion requirements of RBC were reduced up to 70% and those for platelets were eliminated entirety. Also post surgery bleeding decreased significantly in 68% in patients with plateletpheresys, adding to that the 100% effectiveness of the platelet gel.</font></font></dt>                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Without a doubt this experience   reveals a procedure with a wide horizon of therapeutic uses and encouraging   results seen from the perspective of the blood saving technicians.</font></font></dt>                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Key word</font></font></b></dt>                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Heard Surery, Auto &#8211;transfussion,   Blood Save Technical , Autologous transfussion.</font></font></dt>                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Consideraciones hist&oacute;ricas</font></font></b></dt>                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Desde hace m&aacute;s de dos  siglos, la posibilidad de que un paciente sangrante fuese su mismo donante   para transfusi&oacute;n, ha cautivado a la profesi&oacute;n m&eacute;dica   (<a href="#1">1</a>  ). Fue a principios de 1.800, cuando un joven m&eacute;dico Ingl&eacute;s,  James Blundell inici&oacute; sus experimentos de autotransfusi&oacute;n en  perros (<a href="#2">2</a>  ) tiempo despu&eacute;s de haber atendido a una paciente exanguinada con una hemorragia uterina. Esto revivi&oacute; el viejo concepto de transfusi&oacute;n  sangu&iacute;nea abandonado hacia 150 a&ntilde;os despu&eacute;s de los experimentos  de Lower en Inglaterra y de Denis en Francia (<a href="#3"> 3</a>  ). Aunque la transfusi&oacute;n de sangre autol&oacute;ga en humanos fue sugerida por William Highmore (<a href="#4">4</a>  ), el primero en realizarla fu&eacute; Duncan en 1886, publicando la resucitaci&oacute;n  de un moribundo con una amputaci&oacute;n traum&aacute;tica de su pierna,  inyectando sangre recolectada con una jeringa directamente en una vena del  mu&ntilde;&oacute;n (<a href="#5">5</a>  ). En 1936 Watson y Watson (<a href="#6">6</a>  ), recopilaron un total de 279 casos de autotransfusi&oacute;n espor&aacute;dicamente  reportados en la literatura m&eacute;dica americana hasta esa fecha.</font></font></dt>                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La historia moderna de la  autotransfusi&oacute;n  comienza a mediados de 1960 despu&eacute;s de dos  d&eacute;cadas de olvido  asociado al surgimiento y desarrollo de bancos de sangre, con la consecuente  disponibilidad de sangre almacenada en forma expedita. Fue Richard Dyer en 1966 quien report&oacute; experimentos de autotransfusi&oacute;n  mientras  realizaba su residencia de cirug&iacute;a en Rochester N.Y. (<a href="#7">   7</a>  ). La sangre era aspirada hacia una c&aacute;mara de vidrio y luego filtrada   al pasar hacia el fondo de la misma.</font></font></dt>                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <br>    </dt>                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">   &nbsp;     <br>                                                                                                       </dt>                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   A finales de 1960 un cirujano de Vietnam, Gerald Klebanoff, desarroll&oacute;  un dispositivo que constaba de un reservorio de cardiotom&iacute;a y una bomba de rodillo que impel&iacute;a la sangre a presi&oacute;n para luego ser transfundida (<a href="#8">8</a>  ). El paciente y la soluci&oacute;n de llenado a menudo se heparinizaban (<a href="#9"> 9</a>   ,<a href="#10">10</a>  ). Klebanoff public&oacute; en 1970 los primeros diez pacientes manejados   con este aparato (9). El alto &iacute;ndice de complicaciones derivados de la transfusi&oacute;n a presi&oacute;n, llev&oacute; a descontinuar su uso por embolismo a&eacute;reo (<a href="#10">10</a>  ) y coagulopat&iacute;as por detritos, grasa y factores de coagulaci&oacute;n  y del complemento activados (<a href="#11">11</a>   ,<a href="#12">12</a>  ). El nombre comercial de este aparato fue el Bentley AT 100.</font></font></dt>                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En 1968, en la Cl&iacute;nica   Mayo, Willson y Tasswell reportaron el uso de un aparato de flujo semicontinuo,   basado en la, centrifugaci&oacute;n y lavado de los gl&oacute;bulos rojos,   proveyendo gl&oacute;bulos suspendidos en soluci&oacute;n salina para la  transfusi&oacute;n (<a href="#13">13</a>   ); reportando los primeros once pacientes exitosamente tratados con su aparato  post resecci&oacute;n transuretral de pr&oacute;stata en 1969 (<a href="#14">   14</a>   ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El primer instrumento comercialmente   disponible desde 1974 fue el Cell Saver (Haemonetics, Braintree, Ma). Est&aacute;   provisto de una centr&iacute;fuga pl&aacute;stica descartable como modificaci&oacute;n   del sistema de centrifugaci&oacute;n de Allen Latham fabricado en acero inoxidable, que fu&eacute; utilizado en la experiencia de Willson y Tasswell.</font></font></dt>                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">M&uacute;ltiples modificaciones   han sido a&ntilde;adidas a varios equipos desde entonces obteni&eacute;ndose   actualmente aparatos con posibilidad de centrifugaci&oacute;n diferencial   para la obtenci&oacute;n de hemoderivados en terapia de componentes aut&oacute;logos.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>    </dt>                                                                                                   </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   En nuestro Servicio se dispone desde Febrero de 1997 de un sistema de autotransfusi&oacute;n  Secuestra 1000 (Medtronic., Minneapolis, Mn.), que es capaz de realizar aspiraci&oacute;n  y lavado de gl&oacute;bulos rojos, procesar sangre de Banco para extracci&oacute;n  de componentes, y realizar plasmaf&eacute;resis y plaquetof&eacute;resis para la obtenci&oacute;n de concentrados plaquetarios y gel de plaquetas en el per&iacute;odo perioperatorio.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dl>                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <br>                                                    </dt>                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Salvado y Autotransfusi&oacute;n       de gl&oacute;bulos rojos</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se han desarrollado al menos       cuatro t&eacute;cnicas perioperatorias de ahorro sangu&iacute;neo: El salvado       intraoperatorio, la predonaci&oacute;n aut&oacute;loga, la hemodiluci&oacute;n       normovol&eacute;mica y el salvado postoperatorio o de drenajes (<a href="#15">       15</a>       ,<a href="#16">16</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El &#8220;Salvado de sangre intraoperatorio&#8221;,       es un t&eacute;rmino que describe el proceso de reponer al paciente la sangre      perdida, usualmente en la sala de operaciones, la cual se aspira, colecta      y procesa con centrifugaci&oacute;n y lavado; para transfundirse posteriormente      al paciente. Este proceso es conocido tambi&eacute;n como transfusi&oacute;n      aut&oacute;loga intraoperatoria, salvado intraoperatorio y autotransfusi&oacute;n      intraoperatoria. Se prefiere este m&eacute;todo, ya que ning&uacute;n otro      puede provee grandes cantidades de sangre en per&iacute;odos cortos de tiempo.      Entre las otras modalidades, se encuentra la hemodiluci&oacute;n isovol&eacute;mica,      donde se extrae una cantidad de sangre durante el transoperatorio la cual     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ es reinfudida al final de la cirug&iacute;a, t&eacute;cnica que se realiza      desde hace m&aacute;s de una d&eacute;cada en nuestro Hospital con m&aacute;s      de 200 procedimientos realizados y que se est&aacute; implemento en otros      hospitales de nuestra instituci&oacute;n (<a href="#122">122</a>       ), pero que tienen limitaciones relacionadas a la estabilidad hemodin&aacute;mica      del paciente, as&iacute; como al volumen circulante y, finalmente al riesgo      de contaminaci&oacute;n bacteriana (<a href="#17">17</a>       ,<a href="#18">18</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Al realizar salvado intraoperatorio       con transfusi&oacute;n aut&oacute;loga, se eliminan los conocidos riesgos       asociados a la transfusi&oacute;n hom&oacute;loga, como son la transmisi&oacute;n       de enfermedades virales (Hepatitis A, B, no A no B, HIV, CMV), parasitarias       y bacterianas (<a href="#19">19</a>       ). Otra consideraci&oacute;n estriba en el riesgo de inmunosupresi&oacute;n      con aumento en la incidencia de sepsis y haloinmunizaci&oacute;n (<a href="#20">       20</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#21">21</a>       ) as&iacute; como una sobrevida menor en enfermos con c&aacute;ncer (<a href="#121">       121</a>       ). Finalmente se realiza autotransfusi&oacute;n en pacientes que no aceptan       la transfusi&oacute;n por motivos religiosos (<a href="#19">19</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                      <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Indicaciones</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La mayor experiencia se encuentra       relacionada con cirug&iacute;a cardiovascular, vascular y ortop&eacute;dica.       En cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca se utiliza extensamente al requerirse de     grandes cantidades de sangre y productos por las p&eacute;rdidas usuales,       pudiendo decirse que en centros importantes donde utilizan autotransfusi&oacute;n      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ como la Cl&iacute;nica Cleveland, reportan un 6% de transfusi&oacute;n hom&oacute;loga      (de otros donadores) en cirug&iacute;a de by pass(<a href="#22">22</a>       ). En la Cl&iacute;nica Mayo obtuvieron un descenso en la utilizaci&oacute;n       de GRE con el inicio del programa de un 67% (<a href="#23">23</a>       ), y finalmente Keeling (<a href="#24">24</a>       ) encontr&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n del 50%. En nuestro medio, la     estancia  preoperatoria se alarga debido a que el paciente tarda en conseguir     los donadores  necesarios, por lo que puede ser un detalle que abarate los     costos por cirug&iacute;a  como factor mindependiente.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En cirug&iacute;a vascular      suele haber p&eacute;rdidas sangu&iacute;neas s&uacute;bitas, por lo que     un instrumento que reponga r&aacute;pidamente este vol&uacute;men suele ser     fundamental (<a href="#25">25</a>       ). En cirug&iacute;a ortop&eacute;dica es importante el procesamiento de      la sangre con lavado en una relaci&oacute;n de 12 a 1 dada la gran cantidad      de detritos como hueso, grasa, metal y cementos (<a href="#26">26</a>       ,<a href="#27">27</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ). Se ha recomendado su uso adem&aacute;s en cirug&iacute;as extensas de      columna (<a href="#28">28</a>       ). Rutinariamente su empleo en transplantes de h&iacute;gado han reducido      la utilizaci&oacute;n de componentes del banco de sangre hasta en un 45%     (<a href="#18"> 18</a>       ,<a href="#29">29</a>       ). Se utiliza tambi&eacute;n en el &aacute;mbito de trauma, as&iacute;     como  en neurocirug&iacute;a report&aacute;ndose la transfusi&oacute;n de     hasta  8 unidades aut&oacute;logas por procedimiento (<a href="#38">38</a>       ,<a href="#30">30</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Contraindicaciones</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Fundamentalmente se circunscribe       a pacientes con sepsis localizadas donde el procedimiento pueda generalizar       &eacute;sta. Aunque el lavado de la sangre puede disminuir el n&uacute;mero       de bacterias no las elimina completamente (<a href="#31">31</a>       ). En contaminaci&oacute;n extensa por traumas severos toracoabdominales,      se ha sugerido su utilizaci&oacute;n con centrifugaci&oacute;n y lavado,     como una medida salvadora para el paciente cr&iacute;tico (<a href="#32">      32</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Otra contraindicaci&oacute;n       recae en el riesgo de diseminar procesos malignos, ya que se han encontrado       c&eacute;lulas tumorales viables en aspirados utilizando el aparato de Bentley      (<a href="#33">33</a>       ,<a href="#34">34</a>       ), aunque no se ha encontrado correlaci&oacute;n entre la presencia de     c&eacute;lulas  malignas circulantes y la subsecuente enfermedad metast&aacute;sica     (<a href="#35">  35</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ); por lo que su uso debe ser considerado a la luz de los beneficios que      este pueda acarrear.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Otra contraindicaci&oacute;n       a tener en cuenta es el uso de col&aacute;geno microfibrilar, desde que los     estudios de Robisceck (<a href="#36">36</a>       ), demostraron que aspirado con gl&oacute;bulos rojos y procesado, una     vez  que se transfund&iacute;a este, ocasionaba infartos cerebrales en animales     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ de experimentaci&oacute;n.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Finalmente la positividad      de  marcadores virales como HIV deber&aacute; considerar la no utilizaci&oacute;n       del procedimiento por la posibilidad de contaminaci&oacute;n extensa del      personal (<a href="#37">37</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">T&eacute;cnica</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El salvado de sangre transoperatorio       se realiza aspirando sangre del campo operatorio, con una l&iacute;nea de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ doble lumen. Un lumen lleva suero heparinizado a 30.000 ui por litro (En     nuestro medio utilizamos heparina dada la dificultad para obtener el CPD-A     en grandes vol&uacute;menes), hasta el aspirador, d&oacute;nde es mezclada     con la sangre y es retornada por el otro lumen hasta el reservorio que filtrar&aacute;     detritos mayores de 60 micras; el goteo del anticoagulante ser&aacute; de     una gota por segundo y es recomendable llenar el reservorio con al menos     100 cc de anticoagulante antes de iniciar un ciclo. La succi&oacute;n aplicada     no debe exceder los 120 mm de mercurio, ya que el trauma infringido hemolizar&aacute;      los gl&oacute;bulos rojos. Una vez colectada en el reservorio una cantidad      de alrededor de 700 ml en campanas de 225 ml; y de 500 ml en campanas de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[125 ml, se inicia un ciclo donde se llena la campana de centrifugaci&oacute;n      que se encuentra girando a 5.600 rpm. Un vez ah&iacute;, las fuerzas gravitacionales      aplicadas a los elemento de la sangre, favorecer&aacute;n que los gl&oacute;bulos      rojos sean impelidos hacia las paredes de la campana y el plasma y suero,      que acarrean detritos celulares y prot&eacute;icos se mantengan en el centro      de &eacute;sta <b>(<a href="#figura1">Figura 1</a>       ).</b></font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     &nbsp;    <br>                                                                                                                                                                   </dt>                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Las plaquetas y los gl&oacute;bulos   blancos quedar&aacute;n entre la masa de gl&oacute;bulos y el suero, los  cuales ser&aacute;n arrastrados por el l&iacute;quido de lavado de suero fisiol&oacute;gico, el cual no debe ser inferior en volumen a una proporci&oacute;n de cuatro a uno. Una vez terminado el lavado de los GRE, se devolver&aacute;n los globulos a la bolsa de transfusi&oacute;n, mientras que el plasma y suero de lavado han sido enviados a una bolsa de desperdicios. El producto final nos proveer&aacute; de un hematocrito de 45% con una cuenta plaquetaria y leucocitaria baja, as&iacute; como una concentraci&oacute;n de 2,3 DPG cercana a lo normal.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se vuelve a llenar el reservorio   con 100 ml de anticoagulante y el aparato de encuentra listo para iniciar   un nuevo ciclo.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                               ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><a name="figura1"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                             <img src="/img/fbpe/rcc/v5n1/2099i1.JPG" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" height="155" width="207">                                                                                                                                                                                             </center>                                                                                                                                                                               
<center>   &nbsp;</center>                                                                                                                                                                               <center>        <dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>Figura 1: </b>Campana  de ultracentrifugaci&oacute;n para separaci&oacute;n de gl&oacute;bulos rojos</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                               </center>                                                                                                                                                                                 <center>        <dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">y componentes hem&aacute;ticos,   observ&aacute;ndose en la periferia la masa globular y</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                 </center>                                                                                                                                                                                   <center>        <dt> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">al centro el plasma     menos  denso.</font></font></dt>                                                     </center>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Secuestro plaquetario     perioperatorio</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Consiste en la extracci&oacute;n       pre y transoperatoria mediante f&eacute;resis, de concentrados plaquetarios       por medio de centrifugaci&oacute;n diferencial (<a href="#39">39</a>       ,<a href="#40">40</a>       ) pudi&eacute;ndose obtener otros componentes sangu&iacute;neos ademas     de  gl&oacute;bulos rojos, directamente del paciente o de sangre empacada     fresca  (<a href="#41">41</a>       ,<a href="#42">42</a>       ,<a href="#43">43</a>       ).</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                          <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">A principios de 1992 aparecen       en la literatura los resultados preliminares de Davies (<a href="#44">44</a>       ) demostrando los efectos beneficiosos del secuestro pre by pass de una      proporci&oacute;n  de las plaquetas circulantes con transfusi&oacute;n posterior      (<a href="#45"> 45</a>       ,<a href="#46">46</a>       ,<a href="#47">47</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ), obteni&eacute;ndose una disminuci&oacute;n en el sangrado observado     post  circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea (<a href="#48">48</a>       ) y sobre todo en reoperaciones de By pass (<a href="#49">49</a>       ). Una observaci&oacute;n importante realizada por Davies fue una mejor&iacute;a      en la funci&oacute;n pulmonar del paciente, as&iacute; como una disminuci&oacute;n      en los d&iacute;as de estancia hospitalaria, asociado esto a la remoci&oacute;n      de gl&oacute;bulos blancos con la consecuente protecci&oacute;n al endotelio      pulmonar post activaci&oacute;n de estos y producci&oacute;n de distress     respiratorio (<a href="#50">50</a>       ,<a href="#51">51</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Otra modalidad terap&eacute;utica       que depende de los sistemas de centrifugaci&oacute;n es el secuestro de plaquetas     aut&oacute;logas para la producci&oacute;n de gomas, a modo de gel, utilizados     como selladores tisulares para la hemostasia microvascular y de suturas adem&aacute;s     de facilitar el proceso de cicatrizaci&oacute;n en el per&iacute;odo post     quir&uacute;rgico (<a href="#52">52</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#53">53</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Plaquetof&eacute;resis</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                          <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La plasmaf&eacute;resis de      &#8220;Plasma rico en plaquetas&#8220; (PRP) fue desarrollada en 1968 (<a href="#53">       53</a>       ), y ha ganado aceptaci&oacute;n recientemente al permitir una separaci&oacute;n       de las plaquetas y elementos de coagulaci&oacute;n, de los gl&oacute;bulos       rojos (<a href="#54">54</a>       ,<a href="#55">55</a>       ). La recolecci&oacute;n aut&oacute;loga de plaquetas ha llegado a ser     atractiva  al exponer al paciente a un menor riesgo de transfusi&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(pueden ser  necesarios hasta 10 donadores diferentes con m&eacute;todos     convencionales  para la misma cantidad de plaquetas) adem&aacute;s que se     reducen los costos  por unidad de plaquetas ($ 600 en Estados Unidos vs $175     el set que se utiliza  para salvado de gl&oacute;bulos rojos, plasma y procesado     de plaquetas).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Los resultados con dosis     terap&eacute;uticas  de concentrados plaquetarios (<a href="#66">66-67</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ), han disminuido el sangrado y los requerimientos transfusionales en el      postoperatorio inmediato de cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca (<a href="#56">       56</a>       ,<a href="#57">57</a>       ). Se ha recomendado su uso rutinario para reoperaciones en cirug&iacute;a       coronaria y en reemplazos valvulares conmbinados con puentes coronarios (<a href="#58">      58</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">T&eacute;cnica</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El objetivo del procedimiento       es la extracci&oacute;n y reinfusi&oacute;n de al menos el 20% del volumen       plaquetario corporal, para lo cual se realiza plaquetof&eacute;resis a individuos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ hemodin&aacute;micamente estables (sin angor inestable o estenosis a&oacute;rticas      cr&iacute;ticas) y preferentemente con cuentas plaquetarias mayores de 150.000/mm      3 (<a href="#59">59</a>       ,<a href="#39">39</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Durante la inducci&oacute;n       anest&eacute;sica, se canula una v&iacute;a del cuello con un cat&eacute;ter      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ N&ordm; FR 14, una vez obtenido el acceso venoso, se inicia el procedimiento,       teniendo en cuenta el control de par&aacute;metros hemodin&aacute;micos normalmente     establecidos para el monitoreo transanestesico.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En la realizaci&oacute;n     del  procedimiento hemos utilizado nuestra m&aacute;quina Secuestra 1000,     con un set BT27, que consta de una bureta para el anticoagulante y una v&iacute;a       de doble lumen que lleva &eacute;ste hasta el cat&eacute;ter del cuello y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[otra que lleva de vuelta sangre anticoagulada al aparato.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Como anticoagulante, utilizamos       CPD-A obtenido de las bolsas de recolecci&oacute;n del banco de sangre, administrado     a un goteo de dos gotas por segundo lo cual nos da una relaci&oacute;n de     5:1 recomendado por la AABB (<a href="#60">60</a>       ,<a href="#61">61</a>       ). Se utiliza CPD-A dado que la heparina inactiva la funci&oacute;n plaquetaria      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ (<a href="#62">62</a>       ,<a href="#63">63</a>       ), por lo que ademas la reinfusi&oacute;n al paciente de los concentrados      plaquetarios debe hacerse una vez revertido el efecto de &eacute;sta con     Protamina al final de la circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea. Esta situaci&oacute;n      pone de manifiesto que la plaquetof&eacute;resis se iniciar&aacute; desde      la obtenci&oacute;n del acceso venoso y se prolongar&aacute; hasta la heparinizaci&oacute;n      del paciente para la canulaci&oacute;n.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La sangre ingresa a la campana       de centrifugaci&oacute;n con un flujo de 50 a 100 cc / min y va llenando      esta lentamente. La centr&iacute;fuga se encuentra girando a 5.600 rpm y separa     simult&aacute;neamente el plasma fresco de la sangre del paciente, deposit&aacute;ndose     en una bolsa especial para tal efecto. Una vez llena la campana de 225 ml     con gl&oacute;bulos rojos la velocidad de la centr&iacute;fuga disminuye     a 2.400 rpm durante 60 segundos, tiempo necesario para que las plaquetas     se desprendan y se localicen entre la masa de gl&oacute;bulos y el plasma,     observ&aacute;ndose como una l&iacute;nea blanquecina que se ensancha. Despues     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de este tiempo se reinicia el llenado con sangre a un flujo de 50 ml / min     y mediante una conecci&oacute;n en &#8220;Y&#8221; se recolecta el plasma rico en plaquetas,     el cual primero es claro, obteni&eacute;ndose uno 60 ml que se retiran si     se desa fabricar gel de plaquetas. Se contin&uacute;a extrayendo concentrados     plaquetarios que ahora son de color rojo ya que contienen algunos gl&oacute;bulos     rojos, pero que tienen principalmente plaquetas j&oacute;venes con pigmentos     acarreados del megacariocito, las cuales se contin&uacute;an extrayendo por     60 segundos m&aacute;s. Una vez terminado el ciclo, se devuelven los gl&oacute;bulos     rojos y el plasma fresco al paciente, y si se requiere administrar factores     de coagulaci&oacute;n al finalizar la CEC, el plasma fresco se puede retener     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[y reponer vol&uacute;men al paciente, idealmente con coloides sint&eacute;ticos     (<a href="#64">64</a>       ,<a href="#65">65</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La dosis de plaquetas extra&iacute;das       no debera ser menor al 20% del volumen plaquetario total y el volumen sangu&iacute;neo       secuestrado no deber&aacute; exceder al 15%.</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En pacientes peque&ntilde;os       se debe utilizar una campana de 225ml para disminuir el volumen de secuestro       sangu&iacute;neo. Se puede estimar el volumen plaquetario total como sigue       :</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">VPT= cuenta plaquetaria X      volumen  sangu&iacute;neo estimado X 1000</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       (peso Kg X (55-75) ml/Kg)</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Una dosis efectiva de plaquetas       para disminuir el sangrado es mayor a 2.5 X (<a href="#10">10</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ) 11 plaquetas, segun Davies, Mohr y la AABB (American Association of Blood      Banks) (<a href="#66">66</a>       ,<a href="#60">60</a>       ,<a href="#67">67</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En resumen el prop&oacute;sito       del secuestro plaquetario preoperatorioces doble:</font></font>&nbsp;</dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                </dl>     <div align="Justify"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>       A)</b> Aislar las plaquetas del paciente, del trauma de la circulaci&oacute;n      extracorp&oacute;rea, extray&eacute;ndolas previamente a la cirug&iacute;a      y</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>B)</b> Contar r&aacute;pidamente       con una infusi&oacute;n de plaquetas cuando el mejor estado de coagulaci&oacute;n       es requerido en el postoperatorio inmediato (<a href="#68">68</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#69">69</a>       ) y sobre todo cuando una gran cantidad de cirug&iacute;as card&iacute;acas       son de emergencia y no es posible conseguir plaquetas (<a href="#48">48</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Una alternativa factible     es  el secuestro preoperatorio con hemodiluci&oacute;n para transfundir en     el  postoperatorio inmediato (<a href="#70">70</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ), pero existen las limitaciones de no ser aplicable a individuos muy peque&ntilde;os,      an&eacute;micos y en ancianos; ademas es rechazada por algunos grupos religiosos      sobre todo con predep&oacute;sito (<a href="#19">19</a>       ). Finalmente debe ser realizada en el &aacute;mbito de hemodiluci&oacute;n      de la bomba extracorp&oacute;rea por lo que su m&aacute;rgen de utilizaci&oacute;n      es limitado (<a href="#71">71</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Gel plaquetario</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Existe un amplio inter&eacute;s       en el grupo quir&uacute;rgico acerca del uso de gomas biol&oacute;gicas que     produzcan hemostasia y a la vez sellen superficies cruentas. El exudado seroso     en estas circunstancias, puede retardar la cicatrizaci&oacute;n ( Seromas)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[y servir como medio de cultivo para infecciones (<a href="#72">72</a>       ). Los injertos vasculares a menudo sangran por el tejido friable al cual       se anastomosan y el proceso se empeora cuando se agregan trastornos de coagulaci&oacute;n.      Otro aspecto relevante son las f&iacute;stulas de l&iacute;quido cefalorraqu&iacute;deo      en heridas de la duramadre con recidivas post reparaci&oacute;n de hasta     el 35%. (<a href="#73">73</a>       ) La goma de fibrina formada al polimerizar trombina hom&oacute;loga, se      ha utilizado con el fin de aminorar estos efectos(<a href="#74">74</a>       ), siendo dif&iacute;cil su obtenci&oacute;n y su utilizaci&oacute;n reducida      por el riesgo de contaminaci&oacute;n del pool de donadores utilizado para     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ la obtenci&oacute;n del crioprecipitado, por esto muchas alternativas se     han sugerido para solventar este problema (<a href="#75">75-81</a>       ). Oz y colegas (<a href="#82">82</a>       ), han desarrollado un producto derivado del Plasma Saver (Haemonetics,      Braintree, MA) para gomas con buenos resultados.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Desde 1993, se describe por       Hood, (<a href="#83">83</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ) el uso de concentrados plaquetarios para formar este gel, extra&iacute;do      mediante un m&eacute;todo de centrifugaci&oacute;n diferfencial, (<a href="#84">       84</a>       ) se obtienen entre 50 y 60 ml. de concentrados plaquetarios que son mezclados      con trombina bobina y que han sido de gran utilidad en cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca      al sellar erosiones ocasionadas por la disecci&oacute;n en reoperaciones,      as&iacute; como sellado de l&iacute;neas de suturas y pr&oacute;tesis (<a href="#85">       85</a>       ) (<a href="#83">83</a>       ). Se ha utilizado sellando las &aacute;reas cruentas y como hemost&aacute;tico      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ en cirug&iacute;a de h&iacute;gado y ri&ntilde;&oacute;n (<a href="#83">      83</a>       ), adem&aacute;s en la reparaci&oacute;n de f&iacute;stulas de l&iacute;quido       cefaloraqu&iacute;deo en la Dura con porcentajes de &eacute;xito del 95%      (<a href="#114"> 114</a>       ,<a href="#115">115</a>       ). Como sellante en cirug&iacute;a de Tr&aacute;quea y en f&iacute;stulas      broncopleurales se empieza a difundir su uso (<a href="#86">86</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">T&eacute;cnica</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En el gel plaquetario se     utilizan  dos componentes b&aacute;sicos,&nbsp; <b>A)</b> Plasma rico en     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[plaquetas y                                                                                            <b> B)</b> Trombina bobina activada con calcio.     El uso de trombina ha sido ampliamente difundido y su experiencia ha sido     satisfactoria en sus presentaciones de espuma (<a href="#116">116</a>       ,<a href="#117">117</a>       ,<a href="#118">118</a>       ) y como pulverizado (<a href="#119">119</a>       ,<a href="#120">120</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se colocan unos 60 cc. de      concentrados  plaquetarios en un recipiente de acero inoxidable, (&#8220;Yod&iacute;n&#8221;,&#8221;      Pyrex&#8221;).  En otro recipiente igual se mezclan 5.000 UI de Trombina T&oacute;pica      U.S.P. con 10 ml de CaCl al 10%. En nuestro medio utilizamos Gluconato de      Ca al 5% en una cantidad de 20 ml. Se mantiene en el campo est&eacute;ril      hasta el momento de ser utilizado y tres o cuatro jeringas pl&aacute;sticas      con cat&eacute;teres N&ordm; FR 18. En el momento de aplicar la goma se toman      7 cc de plaquetas y 1 cc de cloruro de calcio (o 2 cc de Gluconato), adicion&aacute;ndose     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ 1cc de aire el cual permitir&aacute; mezclar y activar los componentes al      voltear la jeringa de arriba hacia abajo tres veces r&aacute;pidamente.     Inmediatamente  se le pasa al cirujano y se aplica sobre la superficie elegida     aspirando primero la sangre colectada.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En el campo, el gel se solidificar&aacute;       inmediatamente, presentando retracci&oacute;n del &#8220;co&aacute;gulo&#8221; con aproximaci&oacute;n      de tejidos en unos 30 segundos, por lo que se puede empacar con gasa secas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ hasta observar el efecto deseado. Si se desea hacer una goma espesa, se     aumenta  la trombina activada con CaCl, y si se quiere m&aacute;s flu&iacute;da,     como  la utilizada en atomizador, se pueden usar m&aacute;s cantidad de plaquetas.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Como caracter&iacute;stica      importante en la cicatrizaci&oacute;n con este gel, se suma a la trombina      t&oacute;pica la capacidad de promover el crecimiento de los tejidos de     reparaci&oacute;n,  mediada por el PDGF (Factor de crecimiento derivado de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[las plaquetas), que  representa el beneficio adicional con respecto a todas     las preparaciones existentes (<a href="#87">87</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Factor de crecimiento     derivado  de las plaquetas</font></font></b></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El factor de crecimiento     derivado  de las plaquetas (PDGF) descrito en 1984 (<a href="#87">87</a>       ), es un factor con actividad de crecimiento que se obtiene en el suero      s&aacute;nguineo  coagulado (<a href="#88">88</a>       ,<a href="#89">89</a>       ,<a href="#90">90</a>       ,<a href="#91">91</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#92">92</a>       ). Se puede encontrar en algunas c&eacute;lulas especiales (trofoblasto,      c&eacute;lulas cancerosas) pero su importancia cl&iacute;nica est&aacute;      en encontrarse en los gr&aacute;nulos alfa de las plaquetas (<a href="#93">       93</a>       ). El PDGF se puede aislar del suero, plasma rico en plaquetas y de plaquetas       lavadas (<a href="#94">94</a>       ,<a href="#95">95</a>       ,<a href="#89">89</a>       ,<a href="#96">96</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#97">97</a>       ,<a href="#98">98</a>       ). Estructuralmente se trata de una glicoprote&iacute;na formada de dos      cadenas  A y B, unidas por grupos disulfido. Su estructura es termoresistente      y acido resistente, cationica y de un peso molecular de entre 33.000 y 35.000.      Las dos principales formas han sido llamadas PDGF l y PDGF ll. (<a href="#94">       94</a>       ,<a href="#89">89</a>       )</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Como funciones fisiol&oacute;gicas,       podemos enumerar sus acciones como:</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"><b>&#8226;</b> <b>Efecto en el     crecimiento  celular</b></font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Estimula principalmente la      replicaci&oacute;n del DNA y la divisi&oacute;n de fibroblastos diploides      en el humano, c&eacute;lulas de la gl&iacute;a y m&uacute;sculo liso de     las  arterias. Es necesario que existan en el suero otras hormonas con actividad      insul&iacute;nica para observar el efecto de crecimiento en cultivos celulares      ya que el PDGF s&oacute;lo no afecta la replicaci&oacute;n del DNA (<a href="#99">       99</a>       ,<a href="#100">100</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ,<a href="#101">101</a>       )</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&#8226; Efecto en la migraci&oacute;n       celular</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El PDGF estimula la migraci&oacute;n       de fibroblastos, monocitos, y polimorfonucleares as&iacute; como de c&eacute;lulas       de m&uacute;sculo liso arterial, la cual no es producido por ning&uacute;n       otro factor de crecimiento ya sea EGF (factor de crecimiento epitelial),      NGF (factor de crecimiento nervioso) y de la insulina, por lo tanto la capacidad      del PDGF de estimular la migraci&oacute;n de polimorfonucleares, fibroblastos      y celulas de m&uacute;sculo liso arterial, denotan la importancia fundamental      en los procesos de reparaci&oacute;n cicatricial del organismo. (<a href="#102">       102</a>       )</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&#8226; Efectos metab&oacute;licos</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se ha notado que el PGDF     estimula  el transporte de amino&aacute;cidos y la s&iacute;ntesis de prote&iacute;nas       en el fibroblasto (<a href="#103">103</a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  ) adem&aacute;s estimula la producci&oacute;n de &eacute;steres de colesterol      y fosfol&iacute;pidos en fibroblastos y c&eacute;lulas del m&uacute;sculo      liso arterial incrementando su uni&oacute;n a las lipoprote&iacute;nas de      baja densidad (LDL) (<a href="#104">104</a>       ,<a href="#105">105</a>       ). No hay evidencia que correlacione a la divisi&oacute;n celular y la     replicaci&oacute;n  del DNA con la s&iacute;ntesis de colesterol (<a href="#105">     105</a>       ,<a href="#106">106</a>       ). La s&iacute;ntesis de colesterol ocurre durante la fase G1 del ciclo      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[celular,  mucho antes de la s&iacute;ntesis de DNA, lo cual puede reflejar      la necesidad  de la c&eacute;lula de mas fosfol&iacute;pidos que se requieren      para la formaci&oacute;n de membrana durante la divisi&oacute;n celular (<a href="#107">      107</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La acumulaci&oacute;n celular       de colesterol inducida por el PDGF puede tener un papel importante en la      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[g&eacute;nesis de arteriosclerosis (<a href="#108">108</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Estimula la producci&oacute;n       de prostaciclina y el efecto de la serotonina sobre la producci&oacute;n      de este antiagregante plaquetario (<a href="#109">109</a>       ) pudiendo jugar un papel regulador de la agregaci&oacute;n de plaquetas      en el sitio de la injuria vascular.</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Un efecto m&aacute;s del     PDGF  observado es la reabsorci&oacute;n a nivel &oacute;seo, el cual es     mediado  por la prostaglandina E 2 (PGE2) (<a href="#110">110</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&#8226; Modulaci&oacute;n de      receptores  de membrana</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El PDGF al parecer aumenta      los receptores de membrana para LDL en las c&eacute;lulas fibrobl&aacute;sticas       y de m&uacute;sculo liso vascular, aumentando adem&aacute;s el n&uacute;mero       de receptores de factor de crecimiento epitelial (EGF) y de somatomedina      C (mediando la acci&oacute;n de la hormona del crecimiento). Existe ademas      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[una regulaci&oacute;n del receptor de serotonina implicado en la producci&oacute;n       de prostaciclina (<a href="#104">104</a>       , <a href="#111">111</a>       , <a href="#112">112</a>       , <a href="#113">113</a>       ).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Material y M&eacute;todos</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">De los pacientes sometidos      a cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca con circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea       en el Hospital M&eacute;xico en un per&iacute;odo comprendido entre Febrero       de 1997 y Febrero del 2003, fu&eacute; utilizada la autotransfusi&oacute;n       de gl&oacute;bulos rojos por recuperaci&oacute;n intraoperatoria en un total     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ de 150 pacientes.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">A todos se les realiz&oacute;       autotransfusi&oacute;n de gl&oacute;bulos rojos lavados para lo cual se utiliz&oacute;     la m&aacute;quina tipo Cell Saver, Secuestra 1000, (Medtronic, Minneapolis,     Mn.). Se incluyeron pacientes con reoperaciones card&iacute;acas, cirug&iacute;a     coronaria m&uacute;ltiple o complicada, cirug&iacute;as intracard&iacute;acas      complejas, pacientes an&eacute;micos o de grupos sangu&iacute;neos raros     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[sin posibilidad de obtener sangre, y pacientes Testigos de Jehov&aacute;     como parte del protocolo de cirug&iacute;a. A pacientes con cirug&iacute;as     complejas y sin previa heparinizaci&oacute;n, se les realiz&oacute; secuesto     plaquetario preoperatorio. En implantes vasculares con suturas extensas o     desgarros epic&aacute;rdicos por reoperaci&oacute;n, se confeccion&oacute;     gel sellante con concentrados plaquetarios. En los pacientes de bajo peso     con vol&uacute;menes circulantes disminuidos o cuando fue necesario reponer     volumen a la bomba de circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea, se procesaron     unidades de sangre de banco para salvar el plasma fresco y utilizar los gl&oacute;bulos     rojos empacados. Para el procesamiento se utilizaron campanas con un volumen     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de 225 ml, y cuando hubo disponibilidad se utiliz&oacute; una de 125 ml en     pacientes Testigos de Jehov&aacute;. Para el salvado de gl&oacute;bulos rojos     se utiliz&oacute; heparina como anticoagulante en dosis de 30.000 UI por     litro para aspiraci&oacute;n y para el secuestro plaquetario se us&oacute;     CPD-A, con un set BT27 (Medtronic, Mineapolis, MN.). Todos los ciclos de     lavado de gl&oacute;bulos fueron con suero fisiol&oacute;gico en relaci&oacute;n     de 1 a 4. La CEC fue realizada con hipotermia moderada en todos los pacientes     excepto en uno con una cirugia compleja que requiri&oacute; hipotermia profunda     con arresto circulatorio por 12 min.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se monitoriz&oacute; el tiempo       de coagulaci&oacute;n activada (ACT) en todos los pacientes en el transoperatorio       y al final de la cirug&iacute;a para asegurar una adecuada reversi&oacute;n       de la heparinizaci&oacute;n. Los datos referentes al hematocrito pre, trans       y postoperatorio fueron recopilados as&iacute; como las unidades de componentes       obtenidas, analizando tambi&eacute;n otras variables relacionadas.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Resultados</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Se realizaron un total de      225  cirug&iacute;as en 150 pacientes para un promedio de 1.5 procedimientos      por paciente.</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">De los 150 pacientes operados,       100 correspondieron a hombres (66%) y 50 a mujeres (33%). El promedio de      edad fue de 47.8 (+ 22.8 -34.8). Los grupos et&aacute;reos se muestran en      el<b>  (<a href="#cuadro1">cuadro 1</a>       )</b>. Los grupos sangu&iacute;neos predominantes fueron O(+) en 88 ptes.,      A(+) 32, B(+) en 18, A(- ) en 7 y B(- ) en 5. De acuerdo al diagn&oacute;stico      de ingreso, 48 pacientes fueron operados por enfermedad coronaria de m&uacute;ltiples     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ vasos, correspondiendo al 28.2 %. De estos pacientes las principales indicaciones      para autotransfusi&oacute;n fueron la presencia de anemia, anticuerpos plasm&aacute;ticos      m&uacute;ltiples, grupo Rh (-) con dificultad para obtener donantes, 41     pacientes  fueron reoperados por pr&oacute;tesis valvulares disfuncionantes,     fugas paravalvulares  o EBSA, correspondiendo a un 25.7%. Con valvulopat&iacute;as     fueron operados  20 pacientes, correspondiendo al 10.25% y a los cuales se     les realiz&oacute;  reemplazo valvular simple, 7 pacientes m&aacute;s fueron     operados por insuficiencia  a&oacute;rtica m&aacute;s aneurisma de aorta     ascendente y 7 m&aacute;s con  valvulopat&iacute;a m&aacute;s enfermedad     coronaria, a los que se realiz&oacute;  By pass m&aacute;s reemplazo valvular     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(5.12%).</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Veitiseis pacientes correspondieron       a Testigos de Jehov&aacute; por lo que su utilizaci&oacute;n fue indicada       ante la condici&oacute;n de no ser transfundidos. Se procesaron un total      de 317.76 litros de aspirado del campo operatorio.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Un total de 156.45 litros      de  gl&oacute;bulos rojos fueron recuperados del aspirado, correspondiendo      a un promedio de 1.043 cc por paciente (Cuatro unidades) correspondiendo esta     cantidad a lo solicitado al banco de sangre para la cirug&iacute;a. A 26     pacientes se les realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis y plasmaf&eacute;resis       preoperatoria, obteni&eacute;ndose 11.000 cc de plasma fresco, siendo un      promedio de 423.07 cc, as&iacute; como 5.600 cc de plaquetas (215.38 cc por      paciente). Se confeccion&oacute; gel plaquetario en veinte pacientes, utilizado      para sellar sitios sangrantes en reoperaciones, aneurismas de aorta y en suturas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de cardiotom&iacute;as, obteni&eacute;ndose un promedio de 64.28 cc de gel     plaquetario claro por paciente.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">La hemostasia fue exitosa      en  todos los pacientes despu&eacute;s de realizada su aplicaci&oacute;n.      Un total de 30 unidades de banco fueron procesadas para separar los gl&oacute;bulos       rojos, los cuales se utilizaron como soluci&oacute;n de llenado de la bomba       extracorp&oacute;rea en pacientes con hematocritos bajos o que fueran de      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[bajo peso; a su vez se guard&oacute; el plasma fresco resultante para ser      administrado posteriormente. Ning&uacute;n paciente a los cuales se realiz&oacute;      plaquetof&eacute;resis requiri&oacute; que fuese transfundido con plaquetas      adicionales o plasma fresco. Esto tiene importancia adicional si se asume      que la dosis de plaquetas del banco de sangre tiene un costo adicional aproximado      de 45.000 Colones (Seg&uacute;n c&aacute;lculos del Banco de Sangre del HM)      y son secuestradas por nosotros utilizando el mismo equipo convencional durante      la cirug&iacute;a. Las cuentas plaquetarias preoperatorias fueron en promedio      207,000 pks / mm3 y las postoperatorias de control fueron 203.000 / mm3. Se     observ&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n en el sangrado promedio post cirug&iacute;a      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de 740 cc (segun muestra aleatoria de veinte pacientes postoperados), a 230      cc en los que se realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis obteni&eacute;ndose      casi un 70 % menos de sangrado en los sellos de t&oacute;rax.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">A los pacientes Testigos     de  Jehov&aacute;, se les proces&oacute; un promedio de 650 cc, que en relaci&oacute;n       al promedio general de 1.043 cc es mucho menor, probablemente asociado a      una t&eacute;cnica y hemostasia m&aacute;s meticulosa.</font></font></dt>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El requerimiento transfusional       hom&oacute;logo en el postoperatorio inmediato por paciente, fue de 0.9 unidades,     comparado con 4.1 unidades utilizadas por paciente (de la muestra aleatoria     de pacientes citada) en cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca realizada en nuestro     centro. Si a este volumen, se eliminasen los pacientes Testigos de Jehov&aacute;     que de hecho no reciben transfusi&oacute;n en principio, el promedio de transfusi&oacute;n     en los restantes pacientes es de 1.3 unidades por persona; existiendo una     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[reducci&oacute;n de m&aacute;s del 70% en los requerimientos de gl&oacute;bulos     rojos para la cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca, dato que podr&iacute;a ser     menor a&uacute;n ya que los pacientes del estudio fueron inclu&iacute;dos     con el criterio de que sus requerimientos transfusionales esperables son     mayores a la poblaci&oacute;n general sometida a cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca,     dada la complejidad de sus diagn&oacute;sticos. Con respecto al hematocrito,     en general se obtuvo un promedio preoperatorio del 38.3%; al encontrarse     en hemodiluci&oacute;n transoperatoria por circulaci&oacute;n extracorp&oacute;rea     se obtuvo un promedio de 20.5%, y en el postoperatorio inmediato del 31%.     Este &uacute;ltimo valor fue recolectado sin transfundir postoperatoriamente     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[al paciente, lo cual habla de un volumen de p&eacute;rdida sangu&iacute;nea     menor durante el procedimiento quir&uacute;rgico; ya que se proces&oacute;     toda la sangre remanente en el oxigenador y tubuladuras, e incluso hasta     la de las gazas utilizadas en el campo operatorio. La estancia preoperatoria     fue de 2 d&iacute;as en pacientes con autotransfusi&oacute;n comparado a     6.2 promedio cuando fue necesario conseguir donantes de sangre, y la estancia     postoperatoria fue de 7 y 7.2 d&iacute;as respectivamente.</font></font></dt>     <dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <center>        <dt> <a name="cuadro1"></a>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[                                                                     <img src="/img/fbpe/rcc/v5n1/2099i2.JPG" height="190" width="379">     
                                                                     </dt>                                                                          </center>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Conclusiones</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">El presente trabajo nos expone       un m&eacute;todo novedoso, de r&aacute;pido acceso y gran efectividad para       el ahorro sangu&iacute;neo, siendo de gran importancia no s&oacute;lo dentro       del panorama t&eacute;cnico, permitiendo realizar cirug&iacute;a de gran      envergadura con sangre disponible casi en forma inmediata, sino tambien en      el &aacute;mbito econ&oacute;mico al disminu&iacute;r los d&iacute;as de estancia     pre-quir&uacute;rgica; adem&aacute;s de representar un gran beneficio para     el paciente al eliminar el riesgo de transfusi&oacute;n hom&oacute;loga con     las cosecuencias ampliamente discutidas. Se permite adem&aacute;s a personas      que por sus creencias religiosas, rechazan la transfusi&oacute;n, puedan disfrutar     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de los beneficios que otorga la cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca para su salud,     o en aquellas circunstancias en las que la dificultad para obtener sangre,     como en las m&uacute;ltiples reoperaciones donde los pacientes estan sensibilizados     con m&uacute;ltiples anticuerpos no permitir&iacute;a la realizaci&oacute;n     de &eacute;sta.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">En los pacientes inclu&iacute;dos,       se lograron disminu&iacute;r los requerimientos transfusionales de gl&oacute;bulos      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ rojos en un 70 %, y se eliminaron en su totalidad la transfusi&oacute;n hom&oacute;loga     de plaquetas y plasma fresco cuando se realiz&oacute; plaquetof&eacute;resis       preoperatoria. El porcentaje de sangrado post quir&uacute;rgico fue reducido       dram&aacute;ticamente en los pacientes en que fueron empleados concentrados       plaquetarios aut&oacute;logos siendo &eacute;ste un 68 % menor que el promedio       general; por lo que su uso incide directamente en el ahorro de hemoderivados.       Con respecto al empleo de gel plaquetario, fue observado un 100% de efectividad       al controlar el sangrado operatorio en todos los casos, abriendo la posibilidad       para ser utilizado en otros campos de la cirug&iacute;a.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Sin duda alguna la experiencia       mostrada nos revela un procedimiento de reciente introducci&oacute;n en nuestro     medio con amplio horizonte de usos terap&eacute;uticos y con resultados muy     alentadores vista desde la perspectiva de la cirug&iacute;a card&iacute;aca       y las t&eacute;cnicas de ahorro sangu&iacute;neo.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dl>     <dt>    <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Referencias</font></font></b></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <dt>    <br>    </dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <!-- ref --><div align="Justify"><a name="1"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 1- Williamson  KR Intraoperative blood salvage: a review. Transfusion 1991;31:662-75.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751630&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <a name="2"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 2- Blundell  J Experiments on the transfusion of blood by the syringe. Med Chir Trans 1818; 9:56-92.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751632&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <a name="3"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 3- Diamond  LK A history of blood transfusion. In Winthrobe MW ed. Blood pure and elocuent.  NY Mc Graw Hill, 1980 :659-88</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751634&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <a name="4"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 4- Highmore  W Practical remarks on an overloocked source of blood supply for transfusion  in post partum hemorrage, suggested by a recent fatal case. Lancet 1874; 1:89.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751636&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <a name="5"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 5- Duncan  J An reinfusion of blood on primary and other amputations. Br Med Jour 1886;1:199-3.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dl>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751638&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="6"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 6- Watson  CM Autotransfusion: Review of the American literature with report of two additional cases. Am Jour Surg 1936;&nbsp; 33:232-7.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751639&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    </dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <!-- ref --><div align="Justify"><a name="7"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 7- Dyer R Intaoperative autotransfusion. A preliminary report and a new method Am J Surg 1966;112:874-8.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dl>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751641&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="8"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 8-  Klebanoff G A disposable autotransfusion unit Am J Surg 1968;116:475-6.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751642&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    &nbsp;</dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="9"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   9- Klebanoff G Early clinical experience with a disposable unit for the  intraoperative  salvage and reinfusion of blood loss (Intraoperative transfusion)  Am J Sur 1970; 120: 718-22.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751644&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    &nbsp;</dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="10"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   10- Duncan SE Patient experience with intraoperative autotransfusion Rev  Surg 1974;31:121-24.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751646&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    &nbsp;</dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="11"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   11- Duncan SE Caution regarding autotransfusion. Surgery 1974; 76:1024-30.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751648&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    </dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </dl>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <!-- ref --><div align="Justify"><a name="12"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   12- Sharp WV Modern autotransfusion:Experience with a washed red cell processing  technique Am J Surg;142:522-4.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751650&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <a name="13"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   13- Wilson JD Autotransfusion: Historical review and preliminary report  of a new method. Mayo Clin Proc 1968;46:26-35.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751652&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <a name="14"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   14- Wilson JD Autotransfusion during a transurethral resection of the prostate:  Technique and preliminary clinical evaluation. Mayo Clin Proc 1969; 44:374-86.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <dl>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751654&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="15"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   15- Autologous blood transfusion. Council on Scientific affairs JAMA 1986;256:2378-80.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </dl>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751655&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><div align="Justify"><a name="16"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   16- Thurer RL Blood conservation in Maffei LM Autologous blood transfusion:current   issues. Arlington AABB,1988;3-12.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751656&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <a name="17"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   17- Deviri E Total excision of giant angiolipoma of the chest wall with  a-v malformation and with the use of an autotransfusion system. J Cardiovasc  Surg Torino 1987; 28:546-8.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751658&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <a name="18"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   18- Williamson KR Intraoperative transfusion:its role on orthotropic liver  transplantation Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:340-5.</font></font></div>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751660&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><div align="Justify">    <!-- ref --><br>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <a name="19"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   19- Culkin M Management of the severely anemic patient who refuses transfusion:  lessons learned during the care of Jehova`s Witness Annals of Internal Medicine   1992;117: 1042-48.</font></font></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <dl>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751662&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="20"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   20- Vignali A A single unit of transfused allogenic blood increases postoperative  infections Vox Sang 1996; 71:170-75.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751663&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>              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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="22"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   22- Cosgrove DM Blood conservation during myocardial revascularization Ann  Thorac Surg 1979;28:184-9.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751667&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="23"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   23- Mc Carty PM Effect of blood conservation efforts in cardiac operations  at the Mayo Clinic Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63:225-9.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751669&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="24"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   24- Keeling MM Introperative autotransfusion : Experience in 725 consecutive  cases Ann Surg 1983;197: 536-41.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751671&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="25"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   25- Yawn DH Autologous transfusion in the context of aneurysm surgery.Presented  at the Symposium of intraoperative blood recovery and autologous transfusion.   Houston Texas Nov.23, 1985.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751673&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="26"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   26- Turner RH Cell washing in orthopedic surgery. in Hauer JM Autotransfusion.  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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="27"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 27- Cotton RL Blood conservation  using autotransfusion in total joint arthroplasty  Iowa. 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Arch  Surg 1985;120: 946-8.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751681&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="30"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 30- Santrach  PJ Intraoperative blood salvage in neurosurgery Transfusion 1989;29 supp 23s.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751683&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="31"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 31- Boudreax  JP Emergency autotransfusion : partial cleansing of bacteria laden blood by cell washing. 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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="32"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 32-  Timberlake GA Autotransfusion of blood contaminadted by enteric contents:  A potentially life saving measure in the massivelly hemorragic trauma patient.  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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="113"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1"> 113- Wrann M Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors in on 3t3 cells by platelet derived growth factor. Science 1980;210:1363 &#8211;64.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751847&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300113&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="114"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   114- Stover EF Introperatively prepared platelet gel as an alternative to  fibrine glue in dural wound repair. Transfusion 1996; 36; Supp 46s.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751849&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300114&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="115"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   115- Keating RF Tethered cord dural repair with intraoperative autologous  fibrine glue Pesented at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons  Dec 1992 Vancouver Canada.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751851&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300115&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="116"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   116- Reisser H Control of hemorrage from wounds of the coronary vessels  by the gelatin sponge technic. 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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><dt>    <a name="118"></a>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">   118- Jampoli RW Control of the hemorrage of cardiac auricles by the gelatin  sponge. 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Curr Probl Surg 1993;12:1103-1180.</font></font></dt>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=751863&pid=S1409-4142200300010000300121&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><dt>        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               <dt style="text-align: justify; ">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[   <a name="122"></a>                                                                    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">       122-Sanchez W Hemodilucion isovolemica preoperatorio en pacientes con histerectom&iacute;a       radical por cancer de cervix. Acta Medica Costarricense 2002; 44:4, 155-159.&nbsp;</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <dt style="text-align: justify; ">        <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font 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<body><![CDATA[<dt>    <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="-1">Hospital M&eacute;xico (CCSS),   San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica.</font></font></dt>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       <dt>    <font 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