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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-4142</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Cardiología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cardiol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-4142</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Costarricense de Cardiología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-41422001000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Manejo actual del síndrome coronario agudo: segunda parte, angina inestable-infarto del miocardio no-Q.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obón Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Cima  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>65</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-41422001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-41422001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-41422001000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  &nbsp;     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">REVISI&Oacute;N</FONT></B>     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT COLOR="#000000">Manejo actual del s&iacute;ndrome coronario agudo.</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT COLOR="#000000">Segunda parte: angina inestable-infarto del miocardio no-Q.</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>      <CENTER><A NAME="*a"></A><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="#*">*</A>Dr. Alfonso Ob&oacute;n Arellano.</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER> &nbsp;     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Introducci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La angina inestable, el infarto del miocardio con o sin onda Q constituyen el denominado S&iacute;ndrome Coronario Agudo (SCA).Estas entidades tienen una relaci&oacute;n fisiopatol&oacute;gica com&uacute;n y representan estad&iacute;os diferentes de fisura, ruptura y formaci&oacute;n de un trombo en la placa ateroscler&oacute;tica (<A HREF="#1">1</A>,<A HREF="#2">2</A>). De no tratarse agresivamente la angina inestable progresa hacia la muerte en el 5 a 10% de los pacientes y al infarto no mortal en el 10 a 20%, ocurriendo estos eventos en los primeros d&iacute;as a semanas del inicio de los s&iacute;ntomas (<A HREF="#12">12</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Una vez iniciado el proceso la manifestaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica depender&aacute; de:</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. La rapidez de la oclusi&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2.</B> Si la oclusi&oacute;n es completa o incompleta.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3.</B> De la habilidad de la arteria infartada de reclutar circulaci&oacute;n colateral.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4.</B> De si la oclusi&oacute;n tiene la caracter&iacute;stica de ser transitoria con ciclos recurrentes de trombosis y lisis espont&aacute;nea con lo cual permite al miocardio adaptarse a la isquemia y desarrollar circulaci&oacute;n colateral.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Causas del S&iacute;ndrome Coronario Agudo.</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Las lesiones ateromatosas de las arterias coronarias se inician en &eacute;pocas tempranas de la vida y por lo general toman muchos a&ntilde;os de "maduraci&oacute;n" para que sean responsables de producir isquemia mioc&aacute;rdica (<A HREF="#3">3</A>).Es la trombosis superpuesta sobre una placa ateroscler&oacute;tica la que modifica la evoluci&oacute;n relativamente benigna de una enfermedad convirti&eacute;ndola en una condici&oacute;n inestable responsable del SCA (<A HREF="#4">4</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Vulnerabilidad de la placa:</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Hay varios factores determinantes en el desarrollo de la inestabilidad y ruptura de la placa:</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. El tama&ntilde;o y la consistencia del n&uacute;cleo ateromatoso.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. El grosor de la capa fibrosa que rodea al n&uacute;cleo.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3.</B> El proceso de inflamaci&oacute;n y reparaci&oacute;n dentro de la capa.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4</B>. "Fatiga" de la capa fibrosa.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El evento inicial en los SCA es la ruptura de la placa en una arteria coronaria (<A HREF="#5">5</A>-<A HREF="#6">6</A>):</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El n&uacute;cleo lip&iacute;dico de una placa est&aacute; compuesto de colesterol LDL oxidado y de macr&oacute;fagos y est&aacute; separado del lumen vascular por una capa fibrosa (<A HREF="#7">7</A>). La combinaci&oacute;n de la degradaci&oacute;n enzim&aacute;tica y de las fuerzas mec&aacute;nicas externas en la arteria conllevan a la ruptura de la capa fibrosa y exposici&oacute;n del material ateromatoso altamente pro-coagulable hacia el torrente sangu&iacute;neo. El dep&oacute;sito y la infiltraci&oacute;n de macr&oacute;fagos provoca una liberaci&oacute;n enzim&aacute;tica que lleva a la digesti&oacute;n de elastina y col&aacute;geno de la capa fibrosa (<A HREF="#8">8</A>). El desgarro por estr&eacute;s y las fuerzas mec&aacute;nicas de la s&iacute;stole act&uacute;an en los sitios inestables de la placa provocando mayor ruptura; contribuyendo a este proceso otros factores tales como hipertensi&oacute;n, fumado, liberaci&oacute;n de catecolaminas y espasmo coronario.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El segundo evento es la <B>formaci&oacute;n del trombo</B>.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se presentan cuatro estad&iacute;os:</FONT></FONT></DIV>  <UL>     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. Adhesividad Plaquetaria.</FONT></FONT></DIV>     </UL>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"> <UL><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. Activaci&oacute;n del Factor de Coagulaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>    </UL> </DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"> <UL><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3</B>. Propagaci&oacute;n del Trombo.</FONT></FONT>    </UL> </DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"> <UL><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4</B>. Organizaci&oacute;n del Trombo.</FONT></FONT>    </UL> </DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1.</B><U>Adhesividad Plaquetaria</U><B>:</B> Es el paso inicial en la trombosis arterial, ocurre cuando las plaquetas se adhieren al sitio de la lesi&oacute;n vascular (<A HREF="#9">9</A>). El endotelio normalmente presenta una superficie lisa que no permite la adherencia de los elementos celulares de la circulaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La ruptura de la placa o el da&ntilde;o al endotelio expone varias prote&iacute;nas de la pared endotelial que se unen a ciertos receptores espec&iacute;ficos de las plaquetas provocando su adherencia. Este receptor denominado glicoprote&iacute;na Ib-IX es el receptor plaquetario principal y se une al factor von Willebrand en la pared arterial. Este &uacute;ltimo sufre cambios en su superficie con lo cual promueve la adhesi&oacute;n. Una vez depositadas las plaquetas &eacute;stas se extienden para cubrir la mayor parte de la lesi&oacute;n liberando contenido de los gr&aacute;nulos intracelulares, con lo cual contribuye al inicio del proceso de la trombosis.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2.</B><U>Activaci&oacute;n del Factor de Coagulaci&oacute;n</U><B>:</B> El segundo paso en la formaci&oacute;n del trombo es la activaci&oacute;n en cascada de los factores de la coagulaci&oacute;n (<A HREF="#10">10</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Las v&iacute;as intr&iacute;nseca y extr&iacute;nseca convergen en un punto com&uacute;n, la activaci&oacute;n del Factor X y de la Protrombina. La lesi&oacute;n arterial expone el factor VII al Factor Tisular. Este &uacute;ltimo estimula la actividad enzim&aacute;tica del Factor VIIa para la activaci&oacute;n de Factores IX y X. Al activar el factor X se generan peque&ntilde;as cantidades de Trombina. Esta activa los cofactores V y VIII con lo cual se genera mayor cantidad de Trombina. Esta a su vez es un agonista plaquetario muy potente que recluta m&aacute;s plaquetas al trombo..</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3.</B><U>Propagaci&oacute;n del Trombo:</U> Esta se realiza cuando m&aacute;s plaquetas se incorporan a la masa creciente del trombo. A diferencia de la adhesi&oacute;n,&nbsp; la agregaci&oacute;n de las plaquetas requiere de la activaci&oacute;n de un segundo receptor denominado Glicoprote&iacute;na IIb/IIIa. Una vez que se activa une el fibrinog&eacute;no a la plaqueta manteni&eacute;ndolas fuertemente unidas.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4.</B><U>Organizaci&oacute;n del Trombo</U><B>:</B> El desarrollo de un trombo es un balance entre dos fuerzas opuestas, una que promueve la propagaci&oacute;n de &eacute;ste y las fuerzas opuestas que lo eroden y disminuyen su tama&ntilde;o. El resultado final depender&aacute; de la magnitud de cada una de estas fuerzas ya sea provocando la oclusi&oacute;n total de la arteria, un trombo mural o la disoluci&oacute;n del co&aacute;gulo.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El Dr Fuster (<A HREF="#1">1</A>-<A HREF="#2">2</A>) propone la siguiente explicaci&oacute;n de los SCA, la angina inestable y del infarto no Q. En la primera una leve lesi&oacute;n de la placa permite la formaci&oacute;n de un trombo l&aacute;bil que junto con la vasoconstricci&oacute;n secundaria ocluye la arteria por unos 10 a 20 minutos. En el infarto no Q la duraci&oacute;n de la oclusi&oacute;n es m&aacute;s prolongada debido probablemente a mayor da&ntilde;o de la placa ateroscler&oacute;tica con lo cual provoca mayor lesi&oacute;n a nivel del m&uacute;sculo card&iacute;aco . La reperfusi&oacute;n espont&aacute;nea ocurre aproximadamente a las dos horas con lo cual se previene el desarrollo del infarto con ondas Q.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El Dr Wood realiz&oacute; estudios angiogr&aacute;ficos examinando las arterias coronarias en el infarto no Q (<A HREF="#11">11</A>). Observ&oacute; que solamente el 25% de estos infartos ten&iacute;an oclusi&oacute;n total de la arteria afectada y en el 85% de estos pacientes presentaban buen desarrollo de la circulaci&oacute;n colateral. Existen diferencias angiogr&aacute;ficas entre la angina inestable y el infarto no Q. En la primera la oclusi&oacute;n total de la arteria infartada es de un 10 a 20% y en el segundo es de 20 a 40%.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El papel central de la trombosis en la patog&eacute;nesis del SCA ha sido demostrada en numerosos estudios (<A HREF="#12">12</A>):</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <BR>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* En autopsias se ha identificado el trombo en el sitio de la ruptura de la placa (<A HREF="#13">13</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* Tejido obtenido de aterectom&iacute;a coronaria en pacientes con angina inestable o infarto del miocardio ha demostrado una elevada incidencia de lesiones tromb&oacute;ticas agudas (<A HREF="#14">14</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* Estudios con angioscop&iacute;a coronaria han mostrado frecuentemente la presencia de trombosis (<A HREF="#15">15</A>-<A HREF="#16">16</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* La angiograf&iacute;a coronaria ha demostrado ulceraci&oacute;n o irregularidades sugestivas de ruptura de la placa y/o trombosis (<A HREF="#17">17</A>-<A HREF="#18">18</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* La elevaci&oacute;n de marcadores de actividad plaquetaria y de fibrina se han encontrado como evidencia de trombosis activa (<A HREF="#19">19</A>-<A HREF="#20">20</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>* Hay evidencia de mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica en pacientes con el SCA tratados con terapia antitromb&oacute;tica (<A HREF="#21">21</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>*Marcadores de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico positivo.</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR>&nbsp;     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rcc/v3n1/0732i1.JPG" HEIGHT=313 WIDTH=562></CENTER>       
<P>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El diagn&oacute;stico de estas entidades no se puede realizar en la presentaci&oacute;n temprana inicial sino que se realiza retrospectivamente al analizar los cambios evolutivos del segmento ST y la evoluci&oacute;n de los marcadores bioqu&iacute;micos de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La Angina Inestable se presenta de tres maneras cl&iacute;nicas:</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. Angina en reposo.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. Angina severa de inicio reciente.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3</B>. Angina in crescendo.</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La clasificaci&oacute;n de angina inestable publicada por el Dr Braunwald en 1989 (<A HREF="#23">23</A>) es muy utilizada en la actualidad. El analiz&oacute; la severidad de las manifestaciones cl&iacute;nicas, las circunstancias en que &eacute;sta se presenta, del tratamiento m&eacute;dico anti-anginoso y de si los episodios de dolor se acompa&ntilde;aban de cambios electrocar-diogr&aacute;ficos transitorios.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Severidad de la angina</U><B>:</B></FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Clase I:Angina severa acelerada o de inicio reciente.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Clase II: Angina en reposo en el &uacute;ltimo mes pero no en las &uacute;ltimas 48 horas.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Clase III: Angina en reposo en las &uacute;ltimas 48 horas.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Circunstancias Cl&iacute;nicas</U><B>:</B></FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A. Angina inestable secundaria a condiciones&nbsp; extracard&iacute;acas: (anemia, infecciones, fiebre,hipotensi&oacute;n, taquicardia, tirotoxicosis, hipoxemia).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>B. Angina inestable primaria.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>C. Angina post infarto ( dos semanas posterior a un IAM).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Intensidad del tratamiento m&eacute;dico</U><B>:</B></FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Grupo 1: Angina cr&oacute;nica estable sin tratamiento m&eacute;dico.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Grupo 2: Angina cr&oacute;nica estable con tratamiento m&eacute;dico.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Grupo3: Angina inestable en presencia de tratamiento anti-isqu&eacute;mico m&aacute;ximo.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Debido&nbsp; a la evoluci&oacute;n de los SCA en relaci&oacute;n a las troponinas card&iacute;acas el Dr Braunwald modific&oacute; la clasificaci&oacute;n recientemente (<A HREF="#45">45</A>), la clase IIIB la subdivide en una Troponina positiva (riesgo de muerte o de infarto al mes es de 15 a 20%) y otra Troponina negativa ( mejor pron&oacute;stico ).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El desarrollo de esta clasificaci&oacute;n se bas&oacute; en eventos cl&iacute;nicos y ha sido validada en numerosos estudios. Ahmed y colaboradores (<A HREF="#24">24</A>) reportaron que el factor m&aacute;s importante en poder predecir la presencia de trombos intra coronarios y de lesiones complejas fue el grado de la clasificaci&oacute;n de la angina basada en par&aacute;metros cl&iacute;nicos. Danges et al (<A HREF="#25">25</A>) encontraron que la clase III y C estaban asociadas con lesiones arteriales complejas y con disminuci&oacute;n importante del flujo coronario. De Servi et al (<A HREF="#26">26</A>) report&oacute; que pacientes con angina de inicio reciente o acelerada sin dolor en reposo (clase I B) ten&iacute;an lesiones calcificadas con mayor frecuencia que los pacientes con angina en reposo (clase II B y IIIB) los cuales presentaban principalmente trombosis o hemorragias intra-placa. Owa et al (<A HREF="#27">27</A>) demostr&oacute; que la clase III estaba asociada con una mayor incidencia de trombosis intra coronaria y un riesgo mayor de evolucionar a un infarto del miocardio.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Caracter&iacute;sticas Cl&iacute;nicas:</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>El dolor isqu&eacute;mico</U> en los episodios de angina se describe como una sensaci&oacute;n de molestia o de opresi&oacute;n localizada vagamente al t&oacute;rax o brazo asociada a la actividad f&iacute;sica o estr&eacute;s emocional y se alivia r&aacute;pidamente (menos de 5 minutos) con reposo y/o el uso de nitroglicerina sublingual. Los pacientes con angina inestable tienen las mismas caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas de la angina estable excepto que los episodios son m&aacute;s prolongados y m&aacute;s severos, ocurren con menos esfuerzo f&iacute;sico y pueden aparecer en reposo. Algunos no presentan molestias en el t&oacute;rax pero s&iacute; relacionadas al cuello, mand&iacute;bula, o&iacute;do o brazo. En los ancianos es caracter&iacute;stico el inicio o empeoramiento de disnea, n&aacute;usea y v&oacute;mito, diaforesis y fatiga f&aacute;cil. Ciertas condiciones de dolor at&iacute;pico pueden tener relaci&oacute;n con isquemia coronaria. En el Estudio Multic&eacute;ntrico de Dolor Tor&aacute;cico (<A HREF="#28">28</A>) se realiz&oacute; el diagn&oacute;stico de isquemia aguda en 22% de pacientes que presentaban dolor tor&aacute;cico punzante, en 13% de pacientes con dolor tipo pleur&iacute;tico y en 7% de pacientes&nbsp; el dolor se reproduc&iacute;a con la palpaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>El examen f&iacute;sico</U> por lo general no aporta datos de importancia a menos que se presenten manifestaciones cl&iacute;nicas asociados de insuficiencia card&iacute;aca o choque cardiog&eacute;nico. Permite descartar ciertas condiciones que provocan angina secundaria.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>El electrocardiograma</U> es el ex&aacute;men m&aacute;s utilizado en la evaluaci&oacute;n del dolor tor&aacute;cico. Debe recordarse que se usa para confirmar la impresi&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica inicial y no como &uacute;nico medio para obtener un diagn&oacute;stico. Los hallazgos son muy variables. En el estudio TIMI -IIIB (<A HREF="#29">29</A>) y TIMI-III Registry (<A HREF="#30">30</A>) la depresi&oacute;n del segmento ST se encontr&oacute; en una tercera parte de los pacientes con SCA, la inversi&oacute;n de la onda T en la mitad y un electrocardiograma normal en el resto. <U>Un electrocardiograma normal en un paciente con dolor tor&aacute;cico no excluye la posibilidad de un SCA, ya que de 1 a 6% desarrollar&aacute;n un infarto agudo del miocardio sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST y 4% angina inestable (<A HREF="#31"> 31</A>,<A HREF="#32">32</A>).</U> Solamente la depresi&oacute;n del segmento ST ha demostrado ser un factor de riesgo independiente de mal pron&oacute;stico.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Debe tomarse en cuenta que el electrocardiograma da la informaci&oacute;n de un proceso din&aacute;mico y cambiante, por esta raz&oacute;n se deber&aacute;n obtener trazos en serie o monitorizar el segmento ST en forma continua, con lo cual se pueden detectar episodios de isquemia transitoria y poder prevenir la posibilidad de muerte o de infarto no fatal (<A HREF="#33">33</A>,<A HREF="#34">34</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Marcadores Bioqu&iacute;micos de Da&ntilde;o Mioc&aacute;rdico.</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Son muy &uacute;tiles en pacientes que presentan dolor isqu&eacute;mico y sin cambios importantes del electrocardiograma. Permiten obtener un diagn&oacute;stico, dan informaci&oacute;n sobre pron&oacute;stico y ayudan a seleccionar el tratamiento adecuado (<A HREF="#35">35</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>La Creatin-fosfokinasa y la fracci&oacute;n MB</U> han sido los marcadores m&aacute;s utilizados en el SCA hasta hace unos pocos a&ntilde;os. Presentan algunas limitaciones, sobre todo que se encuentran niveles bajos de CK-MB en personas sanas y tambi&eacute;n pueden estar elevados cuando hay da&ntilde;o severo al m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico. Existe en una forma CK-MB 2 en el tejido card&iacute;aco y es convertida por una lisina-carboxipeptidasa a CK-MB1 cuando es liberada al suero. Cuando esto ocurre r&aacute;pidamente la conversi&oacute;n de CK-MB 2 no se realiza inmediatamente por lo que la relaci&oacute;n CK-MB 2 / CK-MB1 se eleva. Una relaci&oacute;n de CK-MB 2 a CK-MB 1 mayor de 1.5 y una CK-MB 2 mayor de 1 U/lt es indicativo de una necrosis en evoluci&oacute;n (<A HREF="#36">36</A>,<A HREF="#37">37</A>,<A HREF="#38">38</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Mioglobina. Es una prote&iacute;na de bajo peso molecular presente en el m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico y card&iacute;aco, muy sensible para detectar da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico pero poco espec&iacute;fica. Es r&aacute;pidamente liberada del miocardio necr&oacute;tico y r&aacute;pidamente eliminada por los ri&ntilde;ones. Niveles elevados de mioglobina se detectan tambi&eacute;n en pacientes con angina inestable (<A HREF="#39">39</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Troponinas: </U>han sido estudiadas extensamente y fueron aprobadas para uso cl&iacute;nico por la Food and Drug Administration en 1994. Las troponinas card&iacute;acas se encuentran ausentes en el plasma de personas sanas, es por esta raz&oacute;n que a&uacute;n peque&ntilde;as elevaciones indican necrosis mioc&aacute;rdica. En el documento en conjunto de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiolog&iacute;a y el Colegio Americano del Coraz&oacute;n (40) han recomendado que la elevaci&oacute;n de la troponina sea parte de la definici&oacute;n del IAM. Es muy claro en la actualidad que cualquier nivel de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico, detectado por elevaci&oacute;n de las troponinas implica un factor evolutivo de mal pron&oacute;stico. Esta condici&oacute;n no s&oacute;lo es cierta para los eventos espont&aacute;neos sino tambi&eacute;n para aquellos que ocurren en las intervenciones de revascularizaci&oacute;n. En la actualidad no existe un umbral en la elevaci&oacute;n de las troponinas que se pueda considerar seguro. De tal manera que toda necrosis mioc&aacute;rdica que se detecte por elevaci&oacute;n de las troponinas debe ser considerada un infarto del miocardio (<A HREF="#40">40</A>). Por lo tanto pacientes que se presentaban con un SCA que eran CK-MB negativo pero troponina positivo eran considerados angina inestable, con la nueva definici&oacute;n se consideran IM no Q. Los pacientes que se presenten con dolor isqu&eacute;mico t&iacute;pico deben ser clasificados como portadores del SCA ya sea con o sin elevaci&oacute;n del segmento ST y luego reclasificados horas m&aacute;s tarde en pacientes con troponina y CK-MB positiva o negativa (<A HREF="#41">41</A>,<A HREF="#42">42</A>,<A HREF="#43">43</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Establecer tempranamente si hay evidencia de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico en los SCA sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST es muy importante ya que son pacientes que en la mayor&iacute;a presentan enfermedad coronaria severa, lesiones complejas y trombosis visible en la angiograf&iacute;a coronaria (<A HREF="#44">44</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los estudios PRISM (<A HREF="#46">46</A>),CAPTURE (<A HREF="#47">47</A>),EPIC (<A HREF="#48">48</A>), y FRISC-I (<A HREF="#49">49</A>) mostraron que pacientes con el SCA sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST con aumento de la troponina se benefician con el tratamiento con los inhibidores de la glicoproteina IIb/IIIa y/o con el uso de Heparinas de Bajo Peso Molecular (<A HREF="#50">50</A>). Este efecto del tratamiento dirigido a controlar la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria y la formaci&oacute;n de trombina en los pacientes que presentan elevaci&oacute;n de troponinas corrobora la hip&oacute;tesis de que la embolizaci&oacute;n de micro trombos es la explicaci&oacute;n de la elevaci&oacute;n de la troponina en los SCA sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST (<A HREF="#51">51</A>). Sin embargo el estudio GUSTO-IV ACS presentado en Amsterdam recientemente en la reuni&oacute;n de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiolog&iacute;a evaluando el tratamiento con Abciximab asociado a heparina y aspirina en pacientes estratificados por medio de troponina sorprendentemente no mostr&oacute; beneficio de este esquema terap&eacute;utico. El 60% de los pacientes ten&iacute;an troponinas alteradas y la mortalidad a los treinta d&iacute;as fue de s&oacute;lo 8% en el grupo placebo y el grupo tratado con Abciximab no mostr&oacute; ning&uacute;n beneficio adicional. Por estas razones es que en la actualidad para algunos autores no es conveniente recomendar el uso rutinario de los bloqueadores de la glicoproteina IIb/IIIa en los SCA solamente por el aumento de las troponinas card&iacute;acas.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los pacientes de bajo riesgo con SCA y troponina normal son un grupo con una incidencia muy baja de eventos card&iacute;acos futuros (54). No ocurre as&iacute; con la evoluci&oacute;n de pacientes de riesgo intermedio con troponina negativa que pueden desarrollar poste-riormente complicaciones card&iacute;acas.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Grupos de bajo, intermedio y de alto riesgo pueden ser identificados usando las variables cl&iacute;nicas, electrocardiogr&aacute;ficas obtenidas en admisi&oacute;n y con un per&iacute;odo de observaci&oacute;n de 6 a 12 horas durante el cual se analizar&aacute; la presencia de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico. Pacientes de bajo riesgo que no tienen evidencia de necrosis mioc&aacute;rdica y que no mostraron complicaciones en el per&iacute;odo de observaci&oacute;n pueden ser externados y controlados posteriormente. Por el contrario pacientes de riesgo intermedio o alto deben ser admitidos a pesar de que no exista evidencia de da&ntilde;o celular (<A HREF="#41">41</A>,<A HREF="#55">55</A>,<A HREF="#56">56</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Otros marcadores de necrosis mioc&aacute;rdica en estudio:</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Diferentes grupos entre ellos el Dr Maseri han demostrado que los pacientes con angina inestable y con infarto del miocardio sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST que presentan elevaciones de marcadores de inflamaci&oacute;n como son la prote&iacute;na C reactiva, fibrin&oacute;geno, una prote&iacute;na en suero parecida al amiloide A, y la interleukina 1 y 6 por lo general tienen una mayor incidencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares que los pacientes con marcadores normales (<A HREF="#57">57</A>,<A HREF="#58">58</A>,<A HREF="#59">59</A>,<A HREF="#60">60</A>,<A HREF="#85">85</A>,<A HREF="#86">86</A>.).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Ecocardiograf&iacute;a.</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estudio muy &uacute;til para obtener informaci&oacute;n sobre funci&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica y alteraciones de la contractilidad segmentaria. Debe recordarse que se requiere una lesi&oacute;n que comprometa m&aacute;s del 20% del grosor de la pared mioc&aacute;rdica para que se detecte una alteraci&oacute;n de la contractilidad segmentaria por Ecocardiograf&iacute;a. Esta t&eacute;cnica no distingue isquemia de infarto, ni lesiones recientes de antiguas.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estratificaci&oacute;n de riesgo.</FONT></FONT></B>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La historia cl&iacute;nica, el examen f&iacute;sico, el electrocardiograma y los marcadores de da&ntilde;o mioc&aacute;rdico pueden ser integrados para valorar el riesgo de infarto o muerte en pacientes que se presentan con el SCA (<A HREF="#61">61</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <BR>&nbsp;     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rcc/v3n1/0732i02.JPG" HEIGHT=444 WIDTH=622></CENTER> &nbsp;     
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<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Tratamiento:</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El manejo del SCA se ha vuelto multifactorial debido a quela terapia va dirigida a los diferentes estad&iacute;os fisiopatol&oacute;gicos que desencadenan este S&iacute;ndrome, desde la activaci&oacute;n de la placa, la isquemia hasta la necrosis celular. En los pacientes que presentan IM con elevaci&oacute;n del ST, la restauraci&oacute;n del flujo al miocardio con la disoluci&oacute;n del trombo por medio de la trombol&iacute;sis es de suma importancia. En los pacientes con angina inestable o IM sin elevaci&oacute;n ST la estabilizaci&oacute;n de la placa para prevenir la progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad, la recurrencia de la trombosis y de la vasoconstricci&oacute;n son mandatorias. (<A HREF="#63">63</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rcc/v3n1/0732i03.JPG" HEIGHT=748 WIDTH=518></CENTER> &nbsp;     
<DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Tratamiento Intra Hospitalario:</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A. Medidas Generales:</FONT></FONT></U>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1. Reposo</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2. Monitoreo electrocardiogr&aacute;fico continuo.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3. Ox&iacute;geno si hay cianosis, insuficiencia respiratoria, o saturaci&oacute;n &lt; 90 %.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4. Sulfato de Morfina si persiste dolor o edema agudo pulmonar.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>B. Terapia Anti-Isqu&eacute;mica</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>.<U>Nitroglicerina</U>: act&uacute;a reduciendo el consumo de ox&iacute;geno del miocardio. Produce una disminuci&oacute;n de la pre-carga al dilatar el lecho venoso y disminuye la post carga al dilatar modestamente la circulaci&oacute;n arterial. Se utiliza sublingual inicialmente en tres dosis con intervalos de 5 minutos. En pacientes que no alivian el dolor se utiliza la v&iacute;a intravenosa a dosis de 5 a 10 microgr /min aumentando hasta alivio del dolor o disminuci&oacute;n de la presi&oacute;n arterial sist&oacute;lica en un 10% en pacientes normo- tensos y 30% en hipertensos (64). Usar con precauci&oacute;n en presencia de bradicardia severa, hipotensi&oacute;n, taquicardia, infarto del ventr&iacute;culo derecho. No usarla en pacientes que hayan ingerido Sildenafil (Viagra) en las &uacute;ltimas 24 horas por la posibilidad de producir hipotensi&oacute;n profunda y muerte (<A HREF="#65">65</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>.<U>Agentes Bloqueadores Beta Adren&eacute;rgicos</U>: Deben utilizarse tempranamente en ausencia de contraindicaciones, por la v&iacute;a intravenosa en pacientes de alto riesgo y por la v&iacute;a oral en pacientes con riesgo moderado o bajo. No hay evidencia en la actualidad de que un agente sea mejor que otro. Disminuyen el trabajo y el consumo de ox&iacute;geno del miocardio, favorecen la disminuci&oacute;n de la frecuencia card&iacute;aca con lo cual aumenta la duraci&oacute;n de la di&aacute;stole y por lo tanto mejoran la perfusi&oacute;n coronaria. En revisiones extensas de la literatura o meta an&aacute;lisis (<A HREF="#66">66</A>) se redujo en un 13% la progresi&oacute;n hacia el IM en pacientes con angor inestable. Otros estudios no han sido tan claros en mostrar beneficio en IM no Q (<A HREF="#67">67</A>). Extrapolando consideraciones fisiopatol&oacute;gicas y de experiencias de otras formas de enfermedad coronaria es que &eacute;ste grupo de medicamentos se consideran parte rutinaria del tratamiento del SCA. Contraindicaciones para su uso son: bradicardia severa, bloqueo aur&iacute;culo ventricular de segundo y tercer grado, edema agudo pulmonar, choque cardiog&eacute;nico, asma y EPOC severo.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3</B>.<U>Antagonistas del Calcio</U>. Tienen efectos vasodilatadores y algunos reducen la frecuencia card&iacute;aca. Se recomiendan en aquellos pacientes con s&iacute;ntomas persistentes o recurrentes despu&eacute;s de haber utilizado nitroglicerina y beta bloqueadores. Tambi&eacute;n se usan en aquellos que presenten contraindicaciones para el uso de beta bloqueadores.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El uso de estos agentes va a depender del estado de la funci&oacute;n contr&aacute;ctil del miocardio, del estado hemodin&aacute;mico, de la conducci&oacute;n aur&iacute;culo ventricular y de la funci&oacute;n del nodo sinusal. De no presentar contraindicaciones los agentes que m&aacute;s se utilizan en la actualidad son el Verapamil o Diltiazem (<A HREF="#68">68</A>,<A HREF="#69">69</A>,<A HREF="#70">70</A>). La Nifedipina de acci&oacute;n corta no est&aacute; indicada. Otros antagonistas como la Amlodipina est&aacute;n adquiriendo gran popularidad porque no deprimen la funci&oacute;n contr&aacute;ctil del ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo y en la actualidad est&aacute;n en proceso de estudio en el SCA.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4</B><U>.Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina</U>. Son utilizados en los pacientes que persisten con hipertensi&oacute;n a pesar de haber sido tratados con nitroglicerina y con beta bloqueadores, en pacientes con disfunci&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica o insuficiencia card&iacute;aca y en los pacientes diab&eacute;ticos (<A HREF="#71">71</A>). El beneficio observado en pacientes con IM con elevaci&oacute;n del ST no se vio reflejado en los pacientes con IM sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST (<A HREF="#72">72</A>). Actualmente se sugiere que podr&iacute;an ser &uacute;tiles en todos los pacientes con enfermedad ateroscler&oacute;tica (<A HREF="#120">120</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>C. Terapia Antiplaquetaria:</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>.<U>Aspirina</U>. Excelente medicamento en el tratamiento de los SCA. Debe utilizarse de inmediato ante cualquier manifestaci&oacute;n de enfermedad coronaria y continuarse por tiempo indefinido en pacientes que no presenten contraindicaciones. Numerosos estudios han demostrado su utilidad en la angina inestable y el IM no Q, con una reducci&oacute;n mayor del 50% en el riesgo de muerte o de IM (<A HREF="#73">73-</A><A HREF="#74">74</A>). En el estudio ISIS-2 redujo la mortalidad por m&aacute;s del 25% y la posibilidad de re- infarto en m&aacute;s del 40% (<A HREF="#75">75</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Act&uacute;a inhibiendo irreversiblemente la ciclo oxigenasa 1 de las plaquetas, previene la formaci&oacute;n de tromboxano A2, disminuyendo la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria por esta v&iacute;a (<A HREF="#84">84</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>.<U>Ticlopidina y Clopidogrel</U>. Son dos antagonistas del Difosfato de Adenosina aprobados para uso como terapia antiplaquetaria (80). Se utilizan en pacientes que no pueden usar aspirina ya sea por alergia o por intolerancia g&aacute;strica. El estudio CAPRIE&nbsp; (<A HREF="#76">76</A>) compar&oacute; el uso de aspirina versus clopidogrel en pacientes con riesgo de eventos isqu&eacute;micos. Este &uacute;ltimo demostr&oacute; ser igual o levemente superior a la aspirina, pero con una incidencia un poco mayor de efectos adversos.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>D. Terapia Anticoagulante:</FONT></FONT></U>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>.<U>Heparina</U>. Ejerce su efecto anticoagulante acelerando la acci&oacute;n de la antitrombina circulante, una enzima proteol&iacute;tica que inactiva el Factor IIa (trombina), el Factor IXa y el Factor Xa. Previene la propagaci&oacute;n pero no lisa al trombo ya establecido. El Dr Oler (<A HREF="#77">77</A>) en un meta-an&aacute;lisis de la literatura mostr&oacute; una reducci&oacute;n del 33% en muerte o en IM en pacientes tratados con heparina y aspirina versus la aspirina sola, &eacute;ste estudio y otros (<A HREF="#78">78</A>) soportan el uso de la combinaci&oacute;n de la terapia antiplaquetaria y anticoagulante en los SCA.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Un gran avance en el tratamiento anticoagulante ha sido el desarrollo de las Heparinas de Bajo Peso Molecular que son una combinaci&oacute;n de inhibidores de la Trombina y el Factor Xa. Tienen un peso molecular de 400 a 500 Da en comparaci&oacute;n con la Heparina no Fraccionada que es de 12.000 a 15.000. Presentan ciertas ventajas sobre la heparina est&aacute;ndar que las han hecho m&aacute;s populares. Inhiben al Factor Xa y bloquean la actividad y generaci&oacute;n de la trombina. Inducen una mayor liberaci&oacute;n del inhibidor de la v&iacute;a del Factor Tisular y no es neutralizada por el Factor Plaquetario 4 (<A HREF="#79">79</A>). No aumenta la permeabilidad capilar (lo cual lleva a tener menos complicaciones de sangrado) y tiene menor incidencia de trombocitopenia. Adem&aacute;s de la facilidad de la administraci&oacute;n subcut&aacute;nea y el no tener que realizar monitoreos de anticoagulaci&oacute;n. Hay evidencia convincente que las Heparinas de Bajo Peso Molecular son m&aacute;s efectivas que placebo y por lo menos tan efectivas como la Heparina no Fraccionada en reducir la muerte y el infarto recurrente en pacientes con angor inestable o con IM no Q. Entre estos est&aacute;n el estudio ESSENCE(<A HREF="#81">81</A>) y TIMI-IIB (<A HREF="#82">82</A>) y el meta an&aacute;lisis de ambos (<A HREF="#83">83</A>) que demostraron una mayor eficacia de la Enoxaparina sobre la Heparina no Fraccionada.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. <U>Antagonistas de los receptores de la Glicoprote&iacute;na IIb/IIIa</U>. Los receptores GP IIb/IIIa son espec&iacute;ficos de las plaquetas y codificados por diferentes genes en el brazo largo del cromosoma 17. Cada plaqueta tiene de 50.000 a 80.000 receptores. Estos son muy importantes porque es la v&iacute;a final com&uacute;n en la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria que lleva a la formaci&oacute;n del trombo (<A HREF="#87">87</A>,<A HREF="#88">88</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rcc/v3n1/0732i4.JPG" BORDER=0 HEIGHT=629 WIDTH=391></CENTER>       
<P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La identificaci&oacute;n de estos receptores ha llevado al desarrollo de bloqueadores espec&iacute;ficos. Estos act&uacute;an ocupando un sitio en los receptores con lo cual previenen la uni&oacute;n al fibrin&oacute;geno y evitan la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria.</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Clasificaci&oacute;n de los Inhibidores de la GP IIb/IIIa</FONT></FONT></U></CENTER>      <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></CENTER>      <CENTER><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH="55%" > <TR> <TD WIDTH="50%"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Forma</FONT></FONT></B></TD>  <TD COLSPAN="2" WIDTH="50%"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Inhibidor</FONT></FONT></B></TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD WIDTH="50%">     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1. Anticuerpo Monoclonal</FONT></FONT></DIV> </TD>  <TD COLSPAN="2" WIDTH="50%"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Abciximab</FONT></FONT></TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD WIDTH="50%"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2. Antagonista Natural GP IIb/IIIa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD COLSPAN="2" WIDTH="50%"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Veneno serpiente</FONT></FONT></TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD WIDTH="50%"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3. Antagonista Sint&eacute;tico GPIIb/IIIa&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD WIDTH="25%"></TD>  <TD WIDTH="25%"></TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD WIDTH="50%"> <UL>     <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>P&eacute;ptido</FONT></FONT></LI>     </UL>  <UL>     <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>No p&eacute;ptido</FONT></FONT></LI>     </UL> </TD>  <TD WIDTH="25%"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Eptifibatide</FONT></FONT>&nbsp;      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Tirofiban</FONT></FONT>&nbsp;     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Lamifiban</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD WIDTH="25%"></TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> &nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Trabajos extensos de investigaci&oacute;n llevaron al desarrollo de cuatro productos de utilizaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica los cuales han sido analizados en m&uacute;ltiples estudios. Lo que ha llamado la atenci&oacute;n es lo heterog&eacute;neo de la informaci&oacute;n obtenida. En los estudios con inhibidores GPIIb/IIIa durante la revascularizaci&oacute;n percut&aacute;nea la disminuci&oacute;n de los eventos coronarios fue de aproximadamente 35 a 50% a treinta d&iacute;as plazo (<A HREF="#89">89</A>,<A HREF="#90">90</A>,<A HREF="#91">91</A>). En la angina inestable y el IM no Q los estudios <B>(denominados las 4 P)</B>: PURSUIT (<A HREF="#92">92</A>), PRISM (<A HREF="#93">93</A>), PRISM-PLUS (<A HREF="#94">94</A>), PARAGON (<A HREF="#95">95</A>), mostraron solamente un beneficio modesto en la reducci&oacute;n de los eventos cardiovasculares. Se observ&oacute; que de 15 a 32 eventos se previenen por cada 1000 pacientes tratados, lo que representa un incremento terap&eacute;utico adicional al uso de la aspirina y de la heparina (<A HREF="#96">96</A>,<A HREF="#97">97</A>,<A HREF="#98">98</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El beneficio m&aacute;s evidente con el uso de estos medicamentos ha sido en pacientes con evidencia de necrosis mioc&aacute;rdica (troponina positivo) y en aquellos que van a ser sometidos a revascularizaci&oacute;n percut&aacute;nea temprana (<A HREF="#47">47</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Contrariamente a lo que ocurre con la terapia IV, la v&iacute;a oral no ha demostrado ning&uacute;n beneficio tal y como como se reporta en los estudios con Sibrafiban, Xemilofiban y Orbofiban (<A HREF="#99">99</A>,<A HREF="#100">100</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Contraindicaciones</U><B>:</B></FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. Plaquetopenia &lt; 100.000.</FONT></FONT>     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. Sangrado activo.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3</B>. Historia de AVC o de Isquemia Cerebral Transitoria.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4</B>. Cirug&iacute;a mayor reciente (&lt;1mes).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>5</B>. Alergia al medicamento.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3.</B> <U>Trombol&iacute;sis</U>: El fracaso de estos medicamentos en la angina inestable y el IM no Q ha sido demostrado en numerosos estudios, donde no se ha observado ning&uacute;n beneficio y s&iacute; una mayor posibilidad de progresar a un IM(101), por lo tanto su uso est&aacute; restringido en la actualidad.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Recomendaciones del Colegio Americano y de la Sociedad Americana del Coraz&oacute;n (<A HREF="#63">63</A>) para el uso de terapia Antiplaquetaria y Anticoagulante en la Angina Inestable y el IM no Q.</FONT></FONT></I>     <BR>&nbsp;     <BR>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Clase 1</U><B>.</B></FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. La terapia antiplaquetaria debe usarse de inmediato. La aspirina es la droga de elecci&oacute;n y debe continuarse indefinidamente.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. Ticlopidina o Clopidogrel se utiliza en aquellos pacientes que no pueden usar aspirina por hipersensibilidad o intolerancia g&aacute;strica.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>3</B>. Se debe agregar Heparina no Fraccionada IV o Heparina de Bajo Peso Molecular Sub-cut&aacute;nea.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>4</B>. Un antagonista de los receptores plaquetarios GPIIb/IIIa se debe administrar asociado a la aspirina y heparina en los pacientes con isquemia persistente, a los de alto riesgo y aquellos en los que se planea realizar la revascularizaci&oacute;n percut&aacute;nea</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Medicamentos Recomendados(63).</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><I><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Terapia Antiplaquetaria por v&iacute;a oral:</FONT></FONT></U></I></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Aspirina</U>: dosis inicial inmediata de 162-325 mg disuelta en la boca, seguida de 75-160mg diarios.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Clopidogrel(Plavix)</U>: dosis de 75 mg diarios. Se puede utilizar impregnaci&oacute;n (4 a 8 comp) 300-600 mg cuando se requiere de acci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Ticlopidina(Ticlid)</U>: dosis de 250 mg dos veces por d&iacute;a. Impregnaci&oacute;n con 500mg. Se requiere de controles peri&oacute;dicos de plaquetas y leucograma.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Heparina</U>:</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Dalteparina(Fragmin)</U>. dosis de 120 UI/Kg subcut&aacute;nea cada 12 horas(m&aacute;ximo 10.000 UI cada 12 horas).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Enoxaparina (Clexane-Lovenox)</U> dosis de 1mg/Kg subcut&aacute;nea cada 12 horas. La primera dosis puede ir precedida de un bolo de 30 mg IV.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Heparina no Fraccionada</U>. Bolo de 60-70 U/Kg IV (m&aacute;ximo 5.000 Uds) seguido por infusi&oacute;n de 12 a 15 U/Kg/hr (m&aacute;ximo 1.000U/h) para mantener TPT entre 1.5-2.5 veces el control.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><I><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Terapia Antiplaquetaria Intravenosa:</FONT></FONT></U></I></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Abciximab (ReoPro)</U>: Dosis de 0.25 mg/Kg en bolo seguido por infusi&oacute;n de 0.125 microg/Kg/min(m&aacute;ximo 10 microg/min) por 12 a 24 horas.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Eptifibatide (Integrilin):</U> Dosis de 180 microg/Kg en bolo seguido por una infusi&oacute;n de 2.0microg/Kg/min por 72 a 96 horas.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Tirofiban (Aggrastat)</U>: dosis de 0.4 microg/Kg/min por 30 minutos seguido por una infusi&oacute;n de 0.1 microg/Kg/min por 48 a 96 horas.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estrategia conservadora versus invasiva para el manejo del S&iacute;ndrome Coronario Agudo:</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En el estudio TIMI III B (<A HREF="#29">29</A>) publicado en 1994 se compar&oacute; en 1.473 pacientes con SCA el resultado obtenido con una terapia conservadora en la cual la angiograf&iacute;a coronaria se realizaba &uacute;nicamente en los pacientes que presentaban isquemia recurrente versus la terapia invasiva con angiograf&iacute;a y revascularizaci&oacute;n temprana entre las 18 a 48 horas de la randomizaci&oacute;n. El estudio no mostr&oacute; diferencias en cuanto a muerte, IM o angina refractaria en los dos grupos tratados. Estos resultados motivaron al Colegio y a la Asociaci&oacute;n Americana del Coraz&oacute;n a cambiar en 1966 los lineamientos del manejo del IM establecidos anteriormente que recomendaban la angiograf&iacute;a coronaria para todos los pacientes con IM no Q (<A HREF="#103">103</A>). A partir de esa fecha se han publicado art&iacute;culos que favorecen la terapia conservadora como VANQWISH (<A HREF="#104">104</A>,<A HREF="#120">120</A>.) y otros que favorecen la revascularizaci&oacute;n temprana como el estudio FRISC II (<A HREF="#105">105</A>) y el de los investigadores MITI (<A HREF="#106">106</A>). Todos estos estudios fueron realizados en la era pre-stent y antes del uso rutinario de los inhibidores GP IIb/IIIa. Estudios m&aacute;s recientes como EPISTENT (<A HREF="#107">107</A>) utilizando estas dos modalidades terap&eacute;uticas asociadas en el SCA han mostrado mayor beneficio en los pacientes tratados. Otros estudios, como el TACTICS-TIMI 18 (<A HREF="#108">108</A>) est&aacute;n evaluando la mejor alternativa terap&eacute;utica para el manejo de estos s&iacute;ndromes. Mientras tanto seguimos con la inquietud que el Dr Welty comenta en un editorial de la revista Journal of American College of Cardiology de Marzo del 2000 cuyo t&iacute;tulo es El Manejo Optimo del IM sin Elevaci&oacute;n del ST Permanece Confuso(<A HREF="#109">109</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Las recomendaciones del Colegio y de la Asociaci&oacute;n Americana sobre el manejo de la Angina Inestable / IM sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST reci&eacute;n publicadas (<A HREF="#63">63</A>) son las siguientes:</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><U><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Clase I:</FONT></FONT></U></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>1</B>. Se utiliza la estrategia invasiva temprana en los pacientes que presenten alguno de los siguientes indicadores de alto riesgo:</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>a. Pacientes con angor / isquemia recurrente en reposo o con actividad leve a pesar de terapia anti-isqu&eacute;mica intensa.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>b. Pacientes con angor / isquemia recurrente con s&iacute;ntomas de insuficiencia card&iacute;aca, galope, edema pulmonar, o con insuficiencia mitral reciente o que haya empeorado.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>c. Pacientes con hallazgos de ser de alto riesgo en estudios no invasivos.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>d. Funci&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica del ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo menor de 40%.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>e. Inestabilidad hemodin&aacute;mica.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>f. Taquicardia ventricular sostenida.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>g. Angioplast&iacute;a coronaria en los &uacute;ltimos 6 meses.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>h. Antecedente de cirug&iacute;a coronaria.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>2</B>. En ausencia de estos hallazgos, se puede utilizar ya sea una estrategia temprana conservadora o invasiva en pacientes hospitalizados que no tengan contraindicaci&oacute;nes para revascularizaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El cateterismo card&iacute;aco se debe realizar solamente en aquellos pacientes que sean potencialmente candidatos para revascularizaci&oacute;n, ya sea por medio de la angioplast&iacute;a o de la cirug&iacute;a. No se debe utilizar en pacientes con enfermedades severas graves en las cuales el riesgo es mayor que el beneficio que se puede obtener.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La angiograf&iacute;a coronaria en pacientes con angor inestable / IM sin elevaci&oacute;n del ST muestra:</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>a</B>. 10-20% tienen coronarias normales o enfermedad m&iacute;nima.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>b</B>. 30-35% son lesiones de un solo vaso.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>c</B>. 40-50% son lesiones m&uacute;ltiples.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>d</B>. 4-10% son lesiones significativas del tronco izquierdo.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rcc/v3n1/0732i05.JPG" HEIGHT=572 WIDTH=509></CENTER>      
<CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER> </DIV>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Continuando con el manejo integral de los SCA est&aacute; la modificaci&oacute;n de los factores de riesgo coronario especialmente la hipercolesterolemia. Con el nombre de Prevenci&oacute;n Secundaria Temprana en pacientes con SCA es como se conoce la nueva t&aacute;ctica terap&eacute;utica de disminuir agresivamente los l&iacute;pidos intra hospitalariamente en el momento de ser admitido por un SCA. Est&aacute; demostrado que disminuye la isquemia (<A HREF="#110">110</A>), probablemente al mejorar la funci&oacute;n endotelial con lo cual previene la vasoconstricci&oacute;n secundaria y tambi&eacute;n reduce el est&iacute;mulo de la inflamaci&oacute;n, estabilizando la placa ateroscler&oacute;tica. Tres estudios fueron presentados en la reuni&oacute;n de la Sociedad Americana del Coraz&oacute;n en New Orleans en noviembre del a&ntilde;o pasado. Uno de la Cleveland Clinic (<A HREF="#111">111</A>), y otros dos de grupos Alemanes (<A HREF="#112">112</A>,<A HREF="#113">113</A>) mostrando excelente resultados con el uso temprano de estatinas. Realiz&aacute;ndose actualmente se encuentra el estudio Aggrastat to Zocor (conocido como A to Z) valorando el uso de la Simvastatina asociada a Tirofiban y Aspirina y el estudio MIRACL (<A HREF="#114">114</A>) con dosis altas de Atorvastatina.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Recordatorio importante es el manejo de la prevenci&oacute;n secundaria en los SCA. </U>(Lamentablemente muchas veces omitida).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">A</FONT></B>spirina 75 a 325 mg/d&iacute;a. Si hay contraindicaci&oacute;n se utiliza Clopidogrel 75mg/d&iacute;a.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">B</FONT></B>eta bloqueadores si no hay contraindicaciones.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">C</FONT></B>olesterol. Reducir LDL &lt; 100 mg/dl. Uso de agentes reductores(<A HREF="#117">117</A>).</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">D</FONT></B>ieta. Mediterr&aacute;nea (Lyon) (<A HREF="#115">115</A>,<A HREF="#116">116</A>). Simple de realizar y con reducci&oacute;n de la mortalidad total del 56% a cuatro a&ntilde;os y de muertepor enfermedad card&iacute;aca o infarto no fatal en 72%.</FONT></FONT></DIV>      <DIV class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">D</FONT></B>iabetes. Niveles &oacute;ptimos de glicemia.</FONT></FONT></DIV>       <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">E</FONT></B>jercicio regulado, disminuci&oacute;n de peso, manejo adecuado del estr&eacute;s.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">F</FONT></B>umado. Suspenderlo a trav&eacute;s de programas especiales y educaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3333FF">G</FONT></B>en&eacute;tica, de gran inter&eacute;s para el futuro (<A HREF="#118">118</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT COLOR="#3366FF">H</FONT></B>ipertensi&oacute;n bien controlada, preferiblemente con inhibidores de ECA.</FONT></FONT>      <P class="MsoNormal"><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Art&iacute;culo interesante (<A HREF="#119">119</A>) Deben ser los Inhibidores de ECA terapia est&aacute;ndar en los pacientes con enfermedad ateroscler&oacute;tica.&nbsp; J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1-8.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Referencias</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>       <!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="1"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1.Fuster V,Badimon L,Badimon J J,Chesebro J H. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes ( Part I ).N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 242-50.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725003&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="2"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2.Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon J J, Chesebro J H. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes ( Part II ) N Engl J Med 1992;326:310-318.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725004&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="3"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3.Fuster V,Badimon L, Cohen M,Ambrose JA.et al. Insights into the pathogenesis of acute ischemic syndromes. Circulation 1988;77:1213-20.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725005&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="4"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4.Dalager - Pederson S,Morre Pederson E,Ringgaard S,Falk E. Coronary Artery Disease: Plaque Vulnerability,Disruption and Thrombosis.From Fuster V. The Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque.American Heart Association.Monograph Series.1999:1-23.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725006&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="5"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5.Dlavies M J, Thhomas A C. Plaque fissuring the cause of acute myocardial infarction,sudden ischemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J 1985;53:363-73.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725007&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="6"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>6.Plutzky J. Atherosclerotic Plaque rupture: emerging insights and opportunities. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:15J-20J.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725008&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="7"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>7.Libby P. 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J Throm Thrombolysis.1994;I:63-71.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=725016&pid=S1409-4142200100010000700014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P class="MsoNormal"><A NAME="15"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>15.Sherman CT,Litvack F,Grundfest W,LeeM et al. Coronary angioscopy in patients with unstable angina pectoris. 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