<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-3871</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Lankesteriana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Lankesteriana]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-3871</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-38712025000200083</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/y157kw10</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Darwin&#8217;s prescient letter regarding orchid mycorrhiza]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arditti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of California Department of Developmental and Cell Biology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica Lankester Botanical Garden ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Calgary Department of Biological Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>102</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-38712025000200083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-38712025000200083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-38712025000200083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract On March 26, 1863, Charles Darwin wrote a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker, describing his attempts to germinate orchid seeds. In this letter, he mentioned his hope to observe orchid seedlings and expressed a &#8220;notion that (the seeds). . . are parasites in early youth on cryptogams!!&#8221;. This statement appears to predict Noël Bernard&#8217;s 1899 discovery that orchid seeds require fungal colonization for successful germination. However, there is some uncertainty regarding Darwin&#8217;s exact meaning. The term &#8220;cryptogams&#8221; in his time commonly included fungi but also encompassed bryophytes, pteridophytes, and other non-vascular plants. Since Darwin mentioned sphagnum in his experiments, it is possible to suggest that he may have considered mosses as potential hosts rather than fungi. But, since this was a personal letter to Joseph D. Hooker rather than a formal publication, Darwin may have been less precise in his terminology. Nevertheless, considering Darwin&#8217;s broader interest in plant-fungal interactions, it is very plausible that he regarded fungi as possible symbiotic partners in orchid germination. The extent of Darwin&#8217;s prescience on the orchid-fungal relationship may be debatable terminologically (did he mean fungi by using &#8220;cryptogams&#8221;?). However, his speculation was remarkably intuitive, questioning whether orchids required an external biological partner for germination. Darwin&#8217;s letter demonstrates his foresight, but it does not diminish Noël Bernard&#8217;s monumental achievement. Bernard made his discovery independently, without knowledge of Darwin&#8217;s observations, relying solely on his extraordinary scientific talent. His work remains a cornerstone of orchid science. Unfortunately, Darwin&#8217;s prescient letter seems not to have been noticed, appreciated, or cited often enough in the orchid literature during its 162 years of existence.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El 26 de marzo de 1863, Charles Darwin escribió una carta a Joseph Dalton Hooker, describiendo sus intentos de germinar semillas de orquídeas. En esta carta, mencionaba su esperanza de observar plántulas de orquídeas y expresaba una &#8220;noción de que (las semillas)... ¡en su juventud temprana son parásitas de criptógamas!&#8221;. Si bien esta afirmación parece predecir el descubrimiento de Noël Bernard en 1899 de que las semillas de orquídea requieren colonización fúngica para germinar con éxito, existe cierta incertidumbre sobre el significado exacto de Darwin. En su época, el término &#8220;criptógamas&#8221; incluía comúnmente a los hongos, pero también abarcaba briofitas, pteridofitas y otras plantas no vasculares. Dado que Darwin mencionó Sphagnum en sus experimentos, es posible sugerir que estuviera considerando los musgos como hospederos potenciales en lugar de los hongos específicamente. Además, al tratarse de una carta personal a Joseph D. Hooker y no de una publicación formal, es probable que Darwin no fuera del todo preciso en su terminología. No obstante, considerando el interés más amplio de Darwin en las interacciones planta-hongo, es plausible que al menos haya considerado a los hongos como posibles socios simbióticos en la germinación de las orquídeas. Aunque el grado de su predicción sobre la relación orquídea-hongo puede ser debatible en cuanto a la terminología (¿se refería a los hongos al usar &#8220;criptógamas&#8221;?), su especulación fue notablemente intuitiva, cuestionando si las orquídeas necesitaban un socio biológico externo para la germinación de las semillas de orquídeas. La carta de Darwin demuestra su capacidad de visionaria, pero no resta mérito al logro monumental de Noël Bernard. Bernard hizo su descubrimiento de manera independiente, sin conocimiento de las observaciones de Darwin, basándose únicamente en su extraordinario talento científico. Su trabajo sigue siendo un pilar fundamental en la ciencia de las orquídeas. Lamentablemente, la carta premonitoria de Darwin parece no haber sido notada, apreciada o citada con la frecuencia que merece en la literatura sobre orquídeas hasta ahora, 162 años después de haber sido escrita.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[capsule]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fungi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[germination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seeds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[substrate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[symbiosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cápsula]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fungi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[germinación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hongo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[semillas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sustrato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simbiosis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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