<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-2433</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Matemática Teoría y Aplicaciones]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mat]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-2433</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigaciones en Matemática Pura y Aplicada (CIMPA) y Escuela de Matemática, San José, Costa Rica.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-24332011000100010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Heuristics for the robust coloring problem]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Heurísticas para el problema de coloración robusta]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara-Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Bracho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Iztapalapa México D. F]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco Departamento de Sistemas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tamaulipas México D. F]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco Departamento de Sistemas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>137</fpage>
<lpage>139</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-24332011000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-24332011000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-24332011000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Let G and &#7712; be complementary graphs. Given a penalty function defined on the edges of &#7712;, we will say that the rigidity of a k-coloring of G is the sum of the penalties of the edges of &#7712; joining vertices of the same color. Based on the previous definition, the Robust Coloring Problem (RCP) is stated as the search of the minimum rigidity kcoloring. In this work a comparison of heuristics based on simulated annealing, GRASP and scatter search is presented. These are the best results for the RCP that have been obtained.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Sean G y &#7712; dos grafos complementarios. Dada una función de penalización en las aristas de &#7712;, la rigidez de una k-coloración de G se define como la suma de las penalizaciones en las aristas de &#7712; cuyos vértices incidentes son del mismo color. Con base en la definición anterior, el Problema de Coloración Robusta (PCR) se define como la búsqueda de la k-coloración de rigidez mínima. Este trabajo realiza un estudio comparativo de varias técnicas heurísticas: Recocido Simulado, GRASP, y Búsqueda Dispersa. Los resultados aquí presentados son los mejores obtenidos para el PCR.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[graph coloring]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[robust coloring]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heuristics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coloración de grafos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coloración robusta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[heurísticas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: center;"><font size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">Heuristics for the robust coloring problem</span></font> <font size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">    <br>     <br> Heur&iacute;sticas para el problema de coloraci&oacute;n robusta</span></font>    <br> </div> <font size="2"><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </font>     <div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Miguel &Aacute;ngel Guti&eacute;rrez&#8211;Andrade<sup><a href="#autor1">*</a></sup></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pedro Lara&#8211;Vel&aacute;zquez<sup><a href="#autor2">&#8224;</a></sup> </span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rafael L&oacute;pez&#8211;Bracho<sup><a href="#autor3">&#8225;</a></sup></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Javier Ram&iacute;rez&#8211;Rodr&iacute;guez<sup><a href="#autor4">&sect;</a></sup></span></font>    <br> </div> <font size="2"><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="autor1"></a>*Departamento de Ingenier&iacute;a El&eacute;ctrica, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Del. Iztapalapa, 09340, </span><span  style="font-family: verdana;">M&eacute;xico D. F. E-Mail: <a href="mailto:gamma@xanum.uam.mx">gamma@xanum.uam.mx</a></span><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="autor2"></a>&#8224;Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Avenida San Pablo 180, Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200 M&eacute;xico D. F. E-Mail: </span><a href="mailto:pedro_lara@correo.azc.uam.mx"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">pedro_lara@correo.azc.uam.mx</span></a><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="autor3"></a>&#8225;Misma direcci&oacute;n que/same address as P. Lara. E-Mail: <a href="mailto:rlb@correo.azc.uam.mx">rlb@correo.azc.uam.mx</a></span><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="autor4"></a>&sect;Departamento de Ingenier&iacute;a El&eacute;ctrica, misma direcci&oacute;n que/same address as Lara. </span><span  style="font-family: verdana;">E-Mail: <a  href="mailto:jararo@correo.azc.uam.mx">jararo@correo.azc.uam.mx</a></span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br>     <br> <a href="#correspondencia">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia    <br> </a></span></font><font size="2"><a href="#correspondencia"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"></span></a>    <br> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;"></span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">Abstract</span></font>    <br>     <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Let G and &#7712; be complementary graphs. Given a penalty function defined on the edges of &#7712;, we will say that the rigidity of a k-coloring of G is the sum of the penalties of the edges of &#7712; joining vertices of the same color. Based on the previous definition, the&nbsp; Robust Coloring Problem (RCP) is stated as the search of the minimum rigidity&nbsp; kcoloring. In this work a comparison of heuristics based on simulated annealing,&nbsp; GRASP and scatter search is presented. These are the best results for the RCP that have been obtained.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;">     <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;"><!-- big -->Keywords<!-- /big -->:</span> graph coloring, robust coloring, heuristics.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br> <font size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">Resumen</span></font>    <br>     <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sean G y &#7712; dos grafos complementarios. Dada una funci&oacute;n de penalizaci&oacute;n en las&nbsp; aristas de &#7712;, la rigidez de una k-coloraci&oacute;n de G se define como la suma de las penalizaciones en las aristas de &#7712; cuyos v&eacute;rtices incidentes son del mismo color. Con&nbsp; base en la definici&oacute;n anterior, el Problema de Coloraci&oacute;n Robusta (PCR) se define como la b&uacute;squeda de la k-coloraci&oacute;n de rigidez m&iacute;nima. Este trabajo realiza un estudio comparativo de varias t&eacute;cnicas heur&iacute;sticas: Recocido Simulado, GRASP, y B&uacute;squeda&nbsp; Dispersa. Los resultados aqu&iacute; presentados son los mejores obtenidos para el PCR. </span></font>    <br>     <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;"><!-- big -->Palabras clave<!-- /big -->: </span>coloraci&oacute;n de grafos, coloraci&oacute;n robusta, heur&iacute;sticas.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Mathematics Subject Classification:</span> 90C59, 78M32.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <br> </span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Ver contenido disponible en pdf</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font><font  size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;"></span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">References</span></font>    <br>     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[1] Chams, M.; Hertz, A.; de Werra, D. (1987) &#8220;Some experiments with simulated annealing for coloring graphs&#8221;, European Journal of Operational Research 32: 260&#8211;266.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944863&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></font>    <br>     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[2] Feo, T.A.; Resende, M. (1995) &#8220;Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures&#8221;, Journal of Global Optimization 6: 109&#8211;134.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944866&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;">     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[3] Glover, F.; Laguna, M. (1997) Tabu Search. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944868&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[4] Glover, F. (1998) &#8220;A template for scatter search and path relinking in artificial evolution&#8221;, in: J.K. Hao, E. Lutton, E. Ronald, M. Schoenauer &amp; D. Snyers (Eds.) Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1363, Springer, Heidelberg: 13&#8211;54.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944871&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></font>    <br>     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[5] Johnson, D.S.; Aragon, C.R.; McGeoch, L.A.; Schevon. C. (1991) &#8220;Optimization by simulated annealing: an experimental evaluation. Part II: graph coloring and number partitioning&#8221;, Operations Research 39(3): 378&#8211;406.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944874&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></font>    <br>     <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[6] Ram&iacute;rez-Rodr&iacute;guez, J. (2001) Extensiones del problema de coloraci&oacute;n de grafos. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid. Disponible en: <a href="http://eprints.ucm.es/4479/">http://eprints.ucm.es/4479/</a></span></font>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944877&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">&nbsp;</span></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[7] Y&aacute;&ntilde;ez, J.; Ram&iacute;rez, J. (2003) &#8220;The robust coloring problem&#8221;, European Journal of Operational Research 148(3): 546&#8211;558.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1944879&pid=S1409-2433201100010001000007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><br>     <br>     <br> </span></font>     <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="correspondencia"></a>Correspondencia a: </span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Miguel &Aacute;ngel Guti&eacute;rrez&#8211;Andrade. </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Departamento de Ingenier&iacute;a El&eacute;ctrica, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Del. Iztapalapa, 09340, </span><span  style="font-family: verdana;">M&eacute;xico D. F. E-Mail: <a href="mailto:gamma@xanum.uam.mx">gamma@xanum.uam.mx</a></span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pedro Lara&#8211;Vel&aacute;zquez. </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Avenida San Pablo 180, Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200 M&eacute;xico D. F. E-Mail: </span><a href="mailto:pedro_lara@correo.azc.uam.mx"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">pedro _lara@correo.azc.uam.mx</span></a></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rafael L&oacute;pez&#8211;Bracho. </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Misma direcci&oacute;n que/same address as P. Lara. E-Mail: <a href="mailto:rlb@correo.azc.uam.mx">rlb@correo.azc.uam.mx</a></span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Javier Ram&iacute;rez&#8211;Rodr&iacute;guez. </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Departamento de Ingenier&iacute;a El&eacute;ctrica, misma direcci&oacute;n que/same address as Lara. </span><span  style="font-family: verdana;">E-Mail: <a  href="mailto:jararo@correo.azc.uam.mx">jararo@correo.azc.uam.mx</a></span></font></div> </div> </div> <font size="2"><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </font>     <div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Received: 18 Feb 2010; Revised: 14 Oct 2010; Accepted: 10 Nov 2010</span></font>    <br> </div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ ]]></body><back>
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<volume>148</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>546-558</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
