<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-0015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina Legal de Costa Rica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Med. leg. Costa Rica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152022000200037</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Proteína precursora del beta-amiloide (&#946;-App) y daño axonal difuso tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico: un punto de vista forense]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Beta-amiloid precursor protein ( &#946;-App) and diffuse axonal damage after head injuries: a forensic point of view]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Tirado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pampin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blanco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallego Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varela Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Medicina Legal de Galicia Servicio de Patología Forense ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Departmento de cirugía y especialidades médico-quirúrgicas Facultad de Medicina]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152022000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152022000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152022000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La proteína precursora del &#946;- Amiloide (&#946;-APP) es una glicoproteína de membrana y un componente habitual de las neuronas. Tiene funciones en el crecimiento y la adhesión celular tras un traumatismo. Es transportada mediante transporte rápido axonal anterógrado y se acumula dentro de las neuronas cuando se daña citoesqueleto. Este proceso es activo, es decir consume energía. El &#946;-APP no es específico de los traumatismos. Se acumula en cualquier circunstancia en la que se dañen los axones, tal como la hipoxia, alteraciones metabólicas, y cualquier otra causa de edema cerebral y aumento de la presión intracraneal que puedan conducir a un daño axonal difuso (DAI) En el presente estudio estudiamos la expresión de esta proteína en casos de traumatismo cráneo-encefálico con diferente evolución cronológica El daño del citoesqueleto producido por la proteólisis, junto con la alteración de las quinasas y las fosfatasas, aumentan la permeabilidad de la membrana, lo que provoca la entrada de calcio en la célula que, a su vez, activa la calmodulina que hace que los neurofilamentos se compacten, los microtúbulos desaparezcan y se rompa la espectrina. Esta disrupción del citoesqueleto tiene como consecuencia que las sustancias que se transportan a su través, se acumulen, sobre todo en las zonas afectadas por el DAI. Al final de todo este proceso, los axones se rompen, lo que se conoce como axotomía secundaria. El estudio de la acumulación del &#946;-APP es útil para valorar la extensión del DAI y para determinar el tiempo de supervivencia tras el traumatismo o cualquier otro daño cerebral.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract &#946;-Amyloid Precursor Protein (&#946;-APP) is a membrane glycoprotein and a common component of neurons. It is involved in adhesion and cell growth processes after traumatic events. It is carried by anterograde fast axonal transport, and it accumulates inside neurons when the cytoskeleton is damaged. This is a vital biochemical process that consumes energy. &#946;-APP is not specific of traumatic events. It accumulates in any case of axonal damage, whatever its cause may be, like hypoxia, metabolic disorders, and any other circumstances that lead to brain swelling and intracranial pressure rising and in consequence to Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI). In this study we review the expression of this protein in cases of traumatic brain injury with different chronological evolution. The damage of cytoskeleton due to proteolysis in addition to the disturbance of kinases and phosphatases increase the permeability of the membrane. Calcium gets into the cell and activates calmodulin, thus neurofilaments compact, microtubules disappear and spectrin breaks. This disruption of the cytoskeleton has as consequence that the transported substances accumulate in the most affected areas by DAI. At the end of this process axon breaks, which is known as secondary axotomy. The study of the accumulation of &#946;-APP is useful to assess the extent of DAI and to determine the time elapsed after trauma or another insult to CNS.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Traumatismo craneoencefálico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inmunohistoquímica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[precursor de la proteína &#946;-amiloide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[daño axonal difuso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[datación de traumatismo craneoencefálico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[brain injury]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[immunohistochemistry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[beta amyloid precursor protein]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diffuse axonal injury]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[traumatic brain injury dating]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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