<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1409-0015</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicina Legal de Costa Rica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Med. leg. Costa Rica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1409-0015</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Costarricense de Medicina Forense]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1409-00152001000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Lesiones traqueales por intubación prolongada y su relación con la presión del balón del tubo endotraqueal]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,CCSS  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital San Juan de Dios  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1409-00152001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1409-00152001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1409-00152001000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Lesiones traqueales por intubaci&oacute;n prolongada</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">y su relaci&oacute;n con la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del tubo endotraqueal</FONT></B></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>J.E. Miranda, M. Herrera, M. Villalobos<A NAME="*a"></A><A HREF="#*">*</A> ,&nbsp; L. Rodr&iacute;guez, E. Jim&eacute;nez<A NAME="**a"></A><A HREF="#**">**</A></FONT></FONT></B></CENTER> <B><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></B>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Introducci&oacute;n</FONT></B></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Desde la d&eacute;cada de los a&ntilde;os 60 y debido al desarrollo de t&eacute;cnicas para el soporte de los pacientes en estado cr&iacute;tico, han aparecido lesiones consecuentes a dicha invasi&oacute;n del cuerpo humano por cat&eacute;teres y drenajes. La traquea no est&aacute; exenta de tal invasi&oacute;n, y el efecto mec&aacute;nico del Tubo Endotraqueal (TET) sobre la mucosa traqueal puede causar lesiones epiteliales debidas a la presi&oacute;n directa (<A HREF="#14.">14</A>,<A HREF="#18.">18</A>) y a la isquemia secundaria generada por la compresi&oacute;n del plexo submucoso (<A HREF="#44.">44</A>,<A HREF="#45.">45</A>,<A HREF="#47.">47</A>). La expresi&oacute;n m&aacute;s grave de este tipo de lesiones es la estenosis traqueal que podr&iacute;a amenazar la vida del paciente ya de por s&iacute; comprometida por las enfermedades que indujeron su situaci&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica. El monitoreo y control de los pacientes es trabajo rutinario en las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI); sin embargo en nuestra instituci&oacute;n son manejados, en algunas ocasiones, pacientes intubados en los salones de internamiento que permanecen as&iacute; por largo tiempo debido a diferentes circunstancias, unas inherentes al paciente otras dependientes de la limitada infraestructura y de personal, que inclinan la balanza de la oferta y la demanda de servicios hacia la carencia. Sumado a esto se hall&oacute; la ausencia de lineamientos estandarizados para&nbsp; el manejo de la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea de tales enfermos. A causa de &eacute;sta situaci&oacute;n llevamos a cabo este trabajo para demostrar las lesiones causadas por el TET y definir claramente los est&aacute;ndares para el manejo de pacientes intubados en nuestro hospital.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Objetivo</FONT></B></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El prop&oacute;sito de este estudio es observar la relaci&oacute;n de las lesiones traqueales, el tiempo de intubaci&oacute;n y la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET y definir el tiempo m&aacute;ximo que se debe esperar para realizar la traqueostom&iacute;a.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Pacientes y M&eacute;todos</FONT></B></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Se tomaron en cuenta dos series de pacientes colectadas entre 1995 y 1997: la primera de 17 casos y la segunda de 18 pacientes, todos los cuales requirieron traqueostom&iacute;a por intubaci&oacute;n prolongada. Al segundo grupo le fue controlada la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET pre y postoperatoriamente. De todos los pacientes fueron tomadas biopsias traqueales de espesor total del 4o. anillo traqueal, justo en el momento de efectuarse la traqueostom&iacute;a. Durante este procedimiento se observ&oacute; y anot&oacute; la posici&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET como sigue: Zona A: &aacute;rea subgl&oacute;tica. Zona B: &aacute;rea &iacute;stmica. Zona C: &aacute;rea infra&iacute;stmica.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Para la evaluaci&oacute;n de los resultados se tomaron en cuenta como factores de exposici&oacute;n m&aacute;s de 14 d&iacute;as de intubaci&oacute;n y m&aacute;s de 30 cmH2O en la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Todas las biopsias fueron procesadas&nbsp; en forma estandard, te&ntilde;idas con Hematoxilina-Eosina y analisadas con microscop&iacute;a de luz. Con el fin de obtener un valor cuantitativo de las lesiones traqueales se dise&ntilde;&oacute; la siguiente tabla de calificaci&oacute;n:</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Lesiones traqueales por TET</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Tabla de puntuaci&oacute;n de las biopsias de traquea</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>H.S.J.D.</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1995</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER> <B><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></B>     <CENTER><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH="53%" > <TR> <TD COLSPAN="2"> <HR WIDTH="100%"></TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp; <B>CARACTERISTICA</B></FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>PUNTOS</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Ulceraci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- del epitelio superficial</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- de la submucosa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- del pericondrio</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- ulceraci&oacute;n profunda con exposici&oacute;n del cart&iacute;lago</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- necrosis o degeneraci&oacute;n del cart&iacute;lago</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Epitelio adyacente a la ulceraci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- regeneraci&oacute;n epitelial m&iacute;nima</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- metaplasia escamosa focal</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- metaplasia escamosa extensa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- ausencia de epitelio por necrosis extensa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Vasos sangu&iacute;neos</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- vac&iacute;os o dilatados</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- dilataci&oacute;n con congesti&oacute;n superficial</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- dilataci&oacute;n con congesti&oacute;n profunda</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- trombosis</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estroma</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- edema</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- necrosis + edema</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- proliferaci&oacute;n de tejido de granulaci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- proliferaci&oacute;n de fibroblastos</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Respuesta inflamatoria</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- perivascular</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- limitada a la submucosa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- submucosa con extensi&oacute;n&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>M&iacute;nima intraepitelial</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- submucosa + intraepitelial extensa</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Colonizaci&oacute;n por bacterias</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- ausente</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>0</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- presente</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Colonizaci&oacute;n por hongos</FONT></FONT></I></B></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- ausente</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>0</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>- presente</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Puntaje m&iacute;nimo posible: 5 - Puntaje m&aacute;ximo posible:</FONT></FONT></TD>  <TD>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>23</FONT></FONT></CENTER> </TD> </TR>  <TR> <TD COLSPAN="2"> <HR WIDTH="100%"></TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;Fuente: 44,45 reproducido con permiso.</FONT></FONT></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Debido a que el rango de lesiones de todos los pacientes estuvo entre 7 y 19 puntos con una media de 13; se tom&oacute; valor representativo de lesi&oacute;n histol&oacute;gica signigficativa un grado de lesi&oacute;n igual o mayor de 13. Los resultados fueron analizados usando el programa estad&iacute;stico de Epi-info.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Resultados</FONT></FONT></B><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El total de la muestra de 35 pacientes tuvo&nbsp; representaci&oacute;n etaria en todos los grupos, con una predominancia del grupo de 50 a 59 a&ntilde;os; con un promedio de edad de 50,45 a&ntilde;os, con una m&iacute;nima de 14 y m&aacute;xima de 76 a&ntilde;os, con una mediana de 53 y moda de 54 a&ntilde;os. En general predominaron los pacientes mayores de 50 a&ntilde;os, como se ve en el <A HREF="#grafico 1">gr&aacute;fico #1</A>.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <CENTER><A NAME="grafico 1"></A><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/mlcr/v18n1/0928i01.JPG" HEIGHT=334 WIDTH=505></CENTER>      
<CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Grupos de edad</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">La&nbsp; distribuci&oacute;n por sexo mostr&oacute; que 16 pacientes fueron femeninos y 19 masculinos, para una relaci&oacute;n porcentual de 45,7% y 54,3% respectivamente.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/mlcr/v18n1/0928i02.JPG" HEIGHT=231 WIDTH=325></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      
<P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Todos los pacientes estuvieron intubados por periodos significativos con un rango de 5 a 55 d&iacute;as, con un promedio de 17,34 d&iacute;as y una mediana de 14 d&iacute;as. La posici&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del tubo endotraqueal se observ&oacute; as&iacute;: 6 pacientes lo ten&iacute;an localizado en el &aacute;rea A, 7 en el &aacute;rea&nbsp; B y 22 lo tuvieron en el C.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Los 18 pacientes de la segunda serie a quienes se les midi&oacute; la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del tubo endotraqueal tuvieron un rango de 25 a 34 cm de presi&oacute;n de agua (cmH2O), con un promedio de 28,67cmH2O y una moda de 25,0cmH2O.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El grado de lesi&oacute;n promedio en los pacientes que ten&iacute;an localizado el bal&oacute;n del tubo en la zona subgl&oacute;tica (zona A) fu&eacute; de 13,67, en los que estuvo ubicado en el &aacute;rea istmica (zona B, de la biopsia y traqueostom&iacute;a) de 12,14 y en los que se ubic&oacute; en el &aacute;rea infraistmica (zona C) fu&eacute; de 12,95.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <CENTER><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/mlcr/v18n1/0928i03.JPG" BORDER=0 HEIGHT=356 WIDTH=491></CENTER> <FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      
]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El grado de lesi&oacute;n histol&oacute;gica, cuantificado en puntos seg&uacute;n la tabla arriba expuesta, tuvo un rango en el grupo de los 35 pacientes entre&nbsp; 7 y 19, con una mediana de 13 y un promedio de 12,91.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">La relaci&oacute;n entre los d&iacute;as de intubaci&oacute;n y el grado de lesi&oacute;n histol&oacute;gica muestra que a mayor periodo de intubaci&oacute;n la lesi&oacute;n tiende a ser mayor. Cuando se analiza los enfermos expuestos al riesgo de permanecer m&aacute;s de 14 d&iacute;as intubados con el hecho de tener una lesi&oacute;n histol&oacute;gica significativa (mayor o igual a 13 puntos), se encuentra un riesgo relativo de 1,89 ( L&iacute;mite de Confianza&nbsp; 95% - serie&nbsp; de&nbsp; Taylor -); con un valor Chi=3,35 y valor p= 0,067.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">La relaci&oacute;n de los pacientes expuestos a presiones en el bal&oacute;n del TET iguales o mayores de 30 cmH2O, se encontr&oacute; que el riesgo relativo de &eacute;stos de tener una lesi&oacute;n histol&oacute;gica significativa (> 13 puntos) es de 3,93 (L&iacute;mite de Confianza 95% -serie de Taylor); con un valor de Chi de 4,82 y p=0,028.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El riesgo relativo de los pacientes que no tuvieron control de la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n de tener una lesi&oacute;n significativa es de 1,66 (L&iacute;mite de Confianza 95%-serie de Taylor), con un valor Chi=2,27 y p=0,132.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Discusi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">El predominio de un grupo de edad mayor de 50 a&ntilde;os refleja en cierta forma la tendencia de la pir&aacute;mide poblacional de nuestra sociedad, que con el pasar de los a&ntilde;os se invierte y&nbsp; hace necesario que las pol&iacute;ticas de salud del sistema se adec&uacute;en a tal situaci&oacute;n; y la distribuci&oacute;n de los pacientes por sexo indica que ambos grupos enfrentan riesgos y requieren de atenci&oacute;n intensiva en proporciones pr&aacute;cticamente iguales,</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">A pesar de las recomendaciones dadas en 1995(<A HREF="#45.">45</A>), persisten manteniendose los pacientes intubados por largos periodos (17,34 d&iacute;as en promedio); &eacute;sto aunado a la evidencia estad&iacute;stica obtenida en este estudio, de que el hecho de permanecer intubado m&aacute;s de 14 d&iacute;as representa para el paciente un riesgo real de padecer una lesi&oacute;n traqueal secundaria al tubo endotraqueal, hace necesario proponer y recomendar de nuevo pautas en el manejo de la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea de los pacientes cr&iacute;ticamente enfermos pues el riesgo relativo es pr&aacute;cticamente de 2:1.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Existe evidencia anatomopatol&oacute;gica de lesiones traqueales significativas en &aacute;reas de la traquea que no est&aacute;n en contacto directo con el bal&oacute;n del TET, hecho puesto en evidencia por 22 casos en que el bal&oacute;n se hall&oacute; en la regi&oacute;n infra&iacute;stmica-distal al sitio de toma de la biopsia- los cuales tuvieron un promedio de lesi&oacute;n de 12,95; lo que habla de que no solamente el bal&oacute;n del tubo produce lesi&oacute;n traqueal sino que tambi&eacute;n el resto del tubo por s&iacute;; adem&aacute;s, los hallasgos histol&oacute;gicos informan que gran parte de las lesiones son de origen isqu&eacute;mico por la compresi&oacute;n que ejerce el bal&oacute;n sobre el plexo vascular submucoso de la traquea. Al mismo tiempo llama la atenci&oacute;n que cuando el bal&oacute;n se encontr&oacute; situado en las zonas A y C (proximal y distal) de la traquea los promedios de lesi&oacute;n son notablemente m&aacute;s altos que cuando el bal&oacute;n se sit&uacute;a en la regi&oacute;n media de la traquea, lo que hace pensar que en &eacute;stas ubicaciones el bal&oacute;n compromete la irrigaci&oacute;n proporcionada por las arterias m&aacute;s importantes de la Arteria Longitudinal Lateral&nbsp; (Ped&iacute;culo de Grillo) (Salassa-Pearson 1977) provenientes de la Arteria Tiroidea Inferior y de las Arterias Bronquiales.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Los hallazgos relativos a la relaci&oacute;n existente entre la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET y la lesi&oacute;n traqueal comprueban en primer lugar que no controlar la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n es exponer al paciente a un riesgo 1,66 veces mayor de sufrir una lesi&oacute;n traqueal significativa secundaria al&nbsp; TET;&nbsp; en segundo lugar que a mayor presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n, mayor es la lesi&oacute;n traqueal y que cuando la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n alcanza y supera los 30 cmH2O el riesgo relativo es de 3,93:1, con una significancia estad&iacute;stica importante (Chi=4,82 y p=0,028). Esto indica que este control debiera establecerse en con caracter obligatorio y rutinario</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Conclusiones y recomendaciones</FONT></FONT></B><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">1.-Existe evidencia anatomopatol&oacute;gica de lesiones traqueales significativas en zonas que no est&aacute;n en contacto con el bal&oacute;n del tubo endotraqueal (TET); probablemente relacionadas con el efecto mec&aacute;nico del TET en s&iacute; y con la compresi&oacute;n del plexo vascular submucoso de la traquea por parte del bal&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">2.-Permitir que un paciente pase intubado m&aacute;s de 14 d&iacute;as, sin realizarle traqueostom&iacute;a, expone al paciente a un riesgo 1,89 veces mayor de sufrir una lesi&oacute;n traqueal significativa secundaria al TET.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">3.-El hecho de no cuantificar ni controlar la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET expone al paciente a un riesgo relativo de 1,66:1 de tener una lesi&oacute;n traqueal significativa con respecto a aquellos pacientes a quienes s&iacute; se les controla.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">4.-A mayor presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del TET mayor es la lesi&oacute;n traqueal desarrollada por el paciente.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">5.-Cuando la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n excede los 30 cmH20 el riesgo de desarrollar una lesi&oacute;n traqueal significativa es 3,93:1.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">6.-Se recomienda adoptar las siguientes medidas con respecto al manejo de la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea en los pacientes cr&iacute;ticos con ventilaci&oacute;n mec&aacute;nica:</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;a.-Se puede mantener un paciente intubado sin problema por 7 d&iacute;as mientras se logra estabilizar su situaci&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica. Si la causa primaria de su fallo respiratorio indica que va a permanecer intubado por largo tiempo debe realizarse la traqueostom&iacute;a en &eacute;sta primera semana;(ej. Lesi&oacute;n neurol&oacute;gica severa).</FONT></FONT><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;b.-Durante los siguientes 7 d&iacute;as los pacientes que a&uacute;n permanecen intubados deber&aacute;n evaluarse diariamente por la posibilidad de ser extubados; pero cuando la evidencia cl&iacute;nica indique que va a sobrepasar los 14 d&iacute;as de intubaci&oacute;n, deber&aacute; realizarsele traqueostom&iacute;a. Ning&uacute;n paciente deber&iacute;a permanecer con tubo endotraqueal m&aacute;s de 14 d&iacute;as.</FONT></FONT><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;c.-Debe establecerse que la medici&oacute;n de la presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n del tubo endotraqueal sea obligatoria en los pacientes intubados al menos una vez al d&iacute;a (idealmente una vez en cada turno), y registrada en la tabla de cuidados respiratorios; ya sea que fuese medida por el m&eacute;dico a cargo, por la enfermera del servicio o por el t&eacute;cnico de terapia respiratoria.</FONT></FONT><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;d.-La presi&oacute;n del bal&oacute;n deber&aacute; manejarse en un rango entre los 20 a los 29 cm de presi&oacute;n de agua. Cuando el paciente se encuentre hipotenso el l&iacute;mite superior deber&aacute; reducirse a 25 cmH2O.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Bibliograf&iacute;a</FONT></FONT></B><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>      <!-- ref --><P><A NAME="1."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">1.-Arnold, W. Iatrogenic changes of the trachea. Diseases of head and&nbsp; neck, an&nbsp; atlas of histopathology. Cap 9.</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599491&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="2."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">2.-Astrachan,D. Prolonged intubation vs. tracheotomy: complications,&nbsp; practical, and psycological considerations. Laringoscope. 1988;98:1165-9</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599492&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="3."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">3.-Ayes,F- J.Zafra. Estenosis traqueal. Experiencia de 15 a&ntilde;os en el&nbsp; Hospital&nbsp; San Juan de Dios. CENDEISSS. No publicado</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599493&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="4."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">4.-Benizhak,O. Necrotizing squamous metaplasia in herpetic&nbsp; tracheitis&nbsp; following prolonged intubation: a lesion similar to&nbsp; necrotizing&nbsp; sialometaplasia.&nbsp; Histopathology. 1993;22:265- 269</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599494&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="5."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">5.-Bishop, M. Mechanisms of laryngotracheal injury following&nbsp; prolonged&nbsp; tracheal intubation. Chest. 1989;96:185-90</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599495&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="6."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">6.-Bunegin,N. Canine tracheal blood flow after endotracheal&nbsp; tube&nbsp; cuff&nbsp; inflation&nbsp; during normotension and hypotension. Anesth.- Analg.&nbsp; 1993;76(5):1083-90</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599496&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="7."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">7.-Coleman,J. Traumatic lesion of the trachea. Otolaryng.Clin.N.A. August,1995</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599497&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="8."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">8.-Colice,G. Laryngeal complications of prolonged intubation. Chest.&nbsp; 1989;96:877-83</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599498&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="9."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">9.-Colice,G. Resolution of laryngeal injury following translaryngeal&nbsp; intubation. Am.Rev.Resp.Dis. 1992;145:361-364</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599499&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="10."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">10.-Coppolo,DP. Self extubation; a 12 month experience. Chest.&nbsp; 1990;98:165-9</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599500&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="11."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">11.-Chuzonagaishi,MD. Functional anatomy and hystology of the&nbsp; lung. Public&nbsp; University.Park Press. Baltimore,1972 pp:5-12</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599501&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="12."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">12.-Delgado, A. Tracheal reconstruction. Rev.&nbsp; Laryngol.Otol.Rhinol.Board. 1993;114(1):21-4</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599502&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="13."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">13.-Donnelly,W. Laryngotracheal damage after prolonged use of&nbsp; orotracheal&nbsp; tubes in adults. JAMA. 1969;207(4):703-708</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599503&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="14."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">14.-Donnelly,W. Histopathology of endotracheal intubation. Arch.&nbsp; Pathol.1969;88</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599504&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="15."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">15.-Dunham,M. Prolonged intubation in the trauma patient.&nbsp; J.Trauma.&nbsp; 1984;24(2):120-24</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599505&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="16."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">16.-Eliachar,I. Imaging evaluation of laryngotracheal stenosis. J.&nbsp; Otolaryngol. 1993;22(4):265-77</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599506&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="17."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">17.-Faria, V. The complicatios of tracheal intubation, a new&nbsp; classification&nbsp; with a review of literature. Anesth.- Analg.1974;53(2)</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599507&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="18."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">18.-Grillo,H. - Cooper. The evolution of tracheal injury due to ventilatory&nbsp; assistance trough cuffed tubes: a pathologic study.Ann.Surg.&nbsp; 1969;169(3):334-48</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599508&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="19."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">19.-Grillo,H- Cooper. Experimental production and prevention of&nbsp; injury due to&nbsp; cuffed tracheal tubes. Surg.Gynecol.Obstet.&nbsp; 1969;129:1235</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599509&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="20."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">20.-Grillo,H-Cooper. A low pressure cuff for tracheostomy to minimize&nbsp; tracheal&nbsp; injury-A comparative clinical trial.&nbsp; J.Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg.&nbsp; 1971;62:898</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599510&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="21."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">21.-Grillo,H. Surgical treatment of postintubation tracheal injuries.&nbsp; J.Cardiovasc.Surg. 1979;78(6)</FONT></FONT><FONT SIZE=-1></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=599511&pid=S1409-0015200100020000600021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="22."></A><FONT SIZE=-1><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">22.-Grillo,H. 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