<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822020000100088</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v33i1.5024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Determinación de la exposición ocupacional a vibraciones en cuerpo entero en conductores de autobús en una parte del Gran Área Metropolitana, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration in bus drivers in a part of the Great Area Metropolitan, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araya-Solano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tannia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina-Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lourdes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cartago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Máster en Química Industrial Escuela de Ingeniería en Seguridad Laboral e Higiene Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cartago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>88</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822020000100088&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822020000100088&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822020000100088&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En Costa Rica existen más de 85 empresas dedicadas al transporte público de personas, por lo que existe una cantidad considerable de conductores de autobús que se ven expuestos a vibraciones. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la exposición ocupacional vibraciones en cuerpo entero en los conductores de autobús en el GAM, por medio de la valoración de factores como ubicación del motor, año de fabricación y tipo de suspensión del asiento. Además, se aplicó la metodología REBA para evaluar posturas de trabajo. Se encontraron niveles de exposición diaria a vibraciones entre 0,2690 m/s2 y 0,9010 m/s2 , sobrepasando en la mayoría de los casos el nivel de acción. El año de fabricación y uso de suspensión en el asiento, demostraron ser determinantes de exposición a vibraciones con un 95% de confianza (P= 0,03 y P=0,002), por lo que existe el riesgo de sufrir afecciones a la salud por exposición a vibraciones. Los dolores de espalda y rodillas fueron las dolencias más reportadas, sin embargo, a partir de la evaluación con el método REBA, los niveles de acción calculados fueron de 0 a 1, para un nivel de riesgo entre inapreciable y bajo. Se recomienda la disminución de los tiempos de exposición de los choferes, el mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de las unidades y el reemplazo por unidades nuevas con motor atrás, cuando sea posible.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In Costa Rica there are more than 85 bus companies dedicated to public transport of people, so there is a considerable number of bus drivers who are exposed to vibrations. The objective of the study was to determine the occupational exposure to whole body vibration in bus drivers in the GAM, by means of the valuation of factors such as location of the engine, year of manufacture and type of seat suspension. The REBA methodology was also applied to evaluate working positions. Levels of daily exposure to vibrations were found between 0.2690 m/s2 and 0.9010 m/ s2 , exceeding in most cases the action level. The year of manufacture and use of suspension in the seat, proved to be determinants of exposure to vibrations with 95% d. confidence (P = 0.03 and P = 0.002), so there is a risk of suffering health problems. Back and knee pain were the most reported ailments, however, from the evaluation with the REBA method, the action levels calculated were from 0 to 1, for a risk level between negligible and low. It is recommended to reduce the exposure times of the drivers, preventive and corrective maintenance of the units and replacement by new units with a motor behind, when it is possible.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Autobuses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exposición ocupacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vibraciones de cuerpo entero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolencias conductores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Buses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[occupational exposure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[whole body vibration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[backpain]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>(1)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Semple]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Price]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stayner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Whole-body vibration on agricultural vehicles: evaluation of emission and estimated exposure levels]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[HSE (Health &amp; Safety Executive)]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>(2)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dundurs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Whole-Body Vibration Vibration at Work of Urban Traffic Drivers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Médica Lituanica]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>240-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>(3)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Riesgos Generales: vibraciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[in Enciclopedia de salud y seguridad en el trabajo]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>50-1</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OIT (Organización Internacional del Trabajo)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>(4)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovenzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low-back disorders in agricultural tractor driver exposed to whole-body vibration and postural stress]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied ergonomics]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>231-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>(5)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keyserling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amstrong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Punnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ergonomic job analysis: A structured approach for identifying risk factors associated with overexertion injueries and disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Occupational &amp; Enviromental Hygiene]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>353-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>(6)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dupuis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haverkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute effects of transient whole-body vibration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International archives of occupational and enviromental health]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>261-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>(7)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Putz-Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors; a critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work-related musculoskeletal disorder or neck, upper extremity, and low back.,]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>(8)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Mechenlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Der Wal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physical risk factors for neck pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scandinavian journal of work, enviromental &amp;health]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>7-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>(9)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wikström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects from twisted postures and whole-body vibration during driving]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>61-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>(10)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Vibration Injurie Network</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines and Questionnaires for Whole-Body Vibration Health Surveillance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appendix W1A to Final Report]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>(11)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Definición y clasificación de la obesidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>124-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>(12)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>International Standard Organization</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanical vibration and shock- Evaluation of exposure to whole body vibration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Part 1: General Requirements]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>(13)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Whole-body vibration exposure in metropolitan bus drivers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Occupational medicine]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>519-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>(14)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovenzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Agostin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angotzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bianchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rondina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An epidemiological study of low back pain in professional drivers.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Sound and Vibration]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>514-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>(15)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovenzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A longitudinal study of low back pain and daily vibration exposure in professional drivers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Health]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>584-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>(16)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>INSHT</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guía técnica para la evaluación y prevención de riesgos relacionados con las vibraciones mecánicas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene del Trabajo]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>(17)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovenzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stacchini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low back pain in port machinery operators]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of sound and vibration]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>(18)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combined exposure to noise and vibration and its effects on worker's hearing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Saúde Pública]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>(19)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A study of noise in various modes of transport in Delhi]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Acoustic]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>57-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>(20)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Directive 2002/44/EC</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[L177/13]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>(21)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattacharya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roychowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exposure of drivers and conductors to noise, heat, dust and volatile organic compounds in the state transport special buses of Kolkata city]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>11-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>(22)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Handbook of human vibration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
