<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822018000400049</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v31i4.3959</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Inmovilización de la proteína fotoactiva bacteriorodopsina sobre óxido de zinc Aplicación en Celdas Solares Bio-Sensibilizadas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immobilization of the photoactive protein bacteriorhodopsin on zinc oxide Application in Bio-Sensitized Solar Cells]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Brenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaves-Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Materiales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of California Riverside Materials Science and Engineering PhD Program ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>49</fpage>
<lpage>62</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000400049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000400049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000400049&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este proyecto se construyeron fotoánodos para celdas solares sensibilizadas utilizando la proteína fotoactiva bacteriorodopsina (BR). El objetivo fue utilizar la proteína como sustituyente a los colorantes comunes a base de Ru, que son costosos y tóxicos. Los sustratos se prepararon recubriendo vidrio conductor con nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (ZnO-NPs). La proteína se inmovilizó en estos sustratos para completar un fotoánodo capaz de capturar la energía solar y transformarla en energía eléctrica. Las técnicas de dropcasting (DC), funcionalización química con feniltrietoxisilano (PTES) y la sedimentación electroforética (SE) fueron optimizadas para inmovilizar la proteína. Mediante espectroscopia de absorción ultravioleta-visible (UV-Vis) se demostró que la proteína conservaba su función fotoactiva después de la inmovilización. La resistencia y tasa de transferencia de carga del fotoánodo en el electrolito fue comparada por medio de impedancia electroquímica. Para los tres métodos se encontraron valores relativamente altos (105 &#937;) en comparación con datos reportados para tintes de rutenio. El desempeño de los fotoánodos preparados por DC y SE en celdas solares sensibilizadas se determinó por cronopotenciometría bajo iluminación. Se encontró que la capa molecular de PTES permite inmovilizar la proteína en periodos más cortos de tiempo pero introduce una resistencia eléctrica adicional en el sistema, por lo que no es apropiada para el sistema fotoelectroquímico estudiado. Los fotoánodos preparados por SE permite obtener el fotovoltaje más alto (16 mV) y la tasa de transferencia electrónica más veloz, mientras que usando la técnica DC se midieron fotovoltajes de tan solo 1 mV. Estas respuestas sugieren que la orientación de la proteína en el ZnO es determinante en la fotorespuesta de la celda, ya que bajo el campo eléctrico aplicado durante SE la proteína se orienta según su dipolo eléctrico, mientras en el DC, la orientación es aleatoria. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se recomienda controlar mejor el espesor de la capa de la proteína, utilizar un electrolito más afín a la naturaleza de esta biomolécula y disminuir la rugosidad de la capa de ZnO para producir fotoánodos que transformen la energía solar de forma más eficiente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This project deals with the development of photoanodes for sensitized solar cells using the photoactive protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) as the sensitizer. The purpose was to integrate the protein in substitution of the commonly used Ru-base dyes, which are expensive and toxic. Substrates were prepared by spreading a thin film of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) over conductive transparent glass. The photoanode capable of convert the energy of light directly into electricity was completed by immobilizing the protein in the substrate. The techiniques dropcasting (DC), pheniltriethoxysilane chemical functionalization (PTES) and electrophoretic sedimentation (SE) were optimized to immobilized the protein. Through ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance (UV-VIS) analysis was assessed the remaining photoactive functionality of the protein after immobilization. The charge transfer resistance of the photoanodes in the electrolyte were compared by electrochemical impedance curves, for all the methods it was found relatively high values (105 &#8486;) in comparison with the Ru-base dyes. The performance of the photoanodes prepared as sensitized solar cells with DC and SE techniques, were determined by chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance under illumination. It was found that the molecular layer of PTES allows to reduce the time to impregnated the BR but induced an additional electrical resistance and thus is not appropriate for the studied photoelectrochemical system. The photoanodes prepared by SE archived the highest photovoltage (16 mV), while with the DC, photovoltage of merely 1mV were obtained. These results suggest that the orientation of the protein in the ZnO was determinant in the cell photoresponse because under the electric field applied with the SE, the protein is forced to be oriented according to its electric dipole while with DC technique, the orientation is random and uncontrollable. On the basis of the results obtained, it is recommended to have a better control of the protein film thickness, use an electrolyte more compatible to the protein naturalness and reduce the ZnO thin film roughness in order to produce more efficient photoanodes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bacteriorodopsina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[celdas solares sensibilizadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[óxido de zinc]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sedimentación electroforética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fotorespuesta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conversión de energía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[celdas biofotovoltaicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biofuncionalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacteriorhodopsin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sensitized Solar Cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Zinc oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electrophoretic sedimentation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[photoresponse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[energy conversion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bio-photovoltaic cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biofunctionalization]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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