<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822018000100035</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v31i1.3495</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La conductividad como parámetro predictivo de la dureza del agua en pozos y nacientes de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Conductivity as a predictive parameter of hardness in groundwater and spring water of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solís-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zúñiga-Zúñiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darner]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822018000100035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen [16] El presente estudio se elaboró con el objetivo de determinar las relaciones entre la conductividad, respecto a las concentraciones de dureza total y dureza de calcio en pozos y nacientes utilizados para consumo humano en Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron 1948 pozos y 2699 nacientes evaluados durante 2013-2015, en el marco del Programa Nacional de Vigilancia y Control de Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano del Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas. Se definieron ámbitos de conductividad de 50 µs/cm a 549 µs/cm para pozos y de 20 µs/cm a 499 µs/cm para nacientes. Con base en los promedios se calculó la relación de la conductividad contra la dureza total y la dureza de calcio para cada tipo de fuentes de agua. Los resultados indican que, la relación de la conductividad con la dureza total del agua de los pozos obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación (R2) de 0,9931 y en las nacientes de 0,9958. Por otro lado, en el caso de la dureza de calcio se alcanzó un R2 de 0,9922 y 0,9942 para pozos y nacientes respectivamente. La aplicación de las curvas de calibración obtenidas, utilizando el agua de 20 pozos y 20 nacientes muestreados en el 2016 y el 2017, logró comprobar y concluir que la conductividad (en situaciones normales) es buen indicador indirecto de las concentraciones de dureza total y dureza de calcio. Se recomienda la medición de la conductividad en campo para estimar la dureza total y de calcio en pozos y nacientes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract [20] The aim of the study is to determine the relations between conductivity with total hardness and calcium hardness in groundwater and spring water used as drinking-water sources in Costa Rica. Firstly, 1948 wells and 2699 springs evaluated between 2013-2015 were selected from the Drinking-Water Quality Control Program of the National Water Laboratory. Secondly, conductivity ranges were defined for wells from 50 µs/cm to 549 µs/cm, and 20 µs/cm to 499 µs/cm for springs. Based on the averages, the relation of conductivity with total hardness and calcium hardness were calculated for each type of water source. According to the results, the correlation coefficient (R2) between conductivity and total hardness was 0,9931 in wells and 0,9958 in springs. On the other hand, R2 between conductivity and calcium hardness was 0,9922 in wells and 0,9942 in springs. Calibration curves were applied in 20 wells and 20 springs drinking-water samples between 2016 to 2017. The results showed that conductivity (in normal situations) is a good indirect indicator for total and calcium hardness in groundwater and spring water. Conductivity measured in situ is recommended to estimate total and calcium hardness in groundwater and spring water.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Conductividad eléctrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dureza total]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dureza de calcio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agua para consumo humano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Electrical conductivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[total hardness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[calcium hardness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drinking-water]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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