<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822016000400123</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v29i4.3043</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de tecnologías de sensores para la detección temprana de incendios forestales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Current situation of construction materials management in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Hostaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Néstor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Insituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería electrónica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>138</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822016000400123&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822016000400123&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822016000400123&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los incendios forestales son fuegos sin control que se extienden libremente en el bosque. Las labores para el manejo y control del fuego forestal incluyen la detección como un primer paso La importancia de lograr la detección temprana de incendios forestales (DTIF) radica en que se facilita eliminarlos a un bajo costo, antes de que se quemen grandes extensiones de bosque. La DTIF está concebida para dar la alarma cuando se ha iniciado el fuego, y es por esta razón que se deben utilizar sensores para las variables indicadoras de la existencia del fuego: la variable química (emisiones de humo, CO, CO2, CH4) y la variable física (radiación infrarroja y el calor). Las características de los sensores utilizados son determinantes para descubrir el inicio del fuego en tiempo real, así como para mejorar la escalabilidad, disminuir el costo de la red de sensores, y lograr la DTIF en forma práctica. Los sensores para las emisiones infrarroja y térmica (variable física) tienen una alta sensibilidad que facilitan la detección desde gran distancia, pero al utilizarlos en tierra la desventaja es que el follaje y obstáculos del terreno atenúan y dispersan la emisión infrarroja y se requiere el emplazamiento de torres para mejorar la línea de vista. Los sensores de las emisiónes químicas tienen ventajas para la detección terrestre del inicio del fuego (las emanaciones del fuego en el bosque se difunden por el aire y pueden llegar a los rincones del bosque), no necesitan línea de vista y tampoco estar ubicados a gran altura, además el mercado ofrece soluciones para la detección del fuego que podrían adaptarse para utilizarlas dentro del bosque (por ejemplo sensores con alta sensibilidad y de costo variable, sistemas para la detección óptica del humo y sistemas multicriterio que disminuyen las falsas alarmas). Sus desventajas son que algunos sensores consumen energía de calentamiento (para elevar la temperatura y poder detectar el gas CO o CO2) y que se pueden dañar al sobrepasar los valores límites (de concentración de gas o humedad relativa). Además, la concentración de humo y gas cerca del punto de detección se reduce debido a la dispersión en el bosque y esto afecta el rendimiento de los sensores que requieren de una cantidad mínima de ppm o de porcentaje de oscurecimiento) Las emisiones o variables químicas (CO, humo y CO2) son detectadas principalmente mediante dos estrategias: -La respuesta de estas variables a fenómenos físicos (absorción de IR, dispersión IR, ionización, efectos fotoacústicos) -La interacción de estas variables con el material del sensor utilizado (absorción, reacción química o una combinación de ambas).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Wildfires are uncontrolled fires spreading freely in the forest. The work for the management and control of forest fire include detection as a first step. The importance of achieving early detection of forest fires (FFED) yields in the cost reduction. The FFED is designed to give the alarm when the fire starts, using sensors for variables indicating the existence of fire, for instance, smoke (chemical variables emissions, CO, CO2, CH4) and physical variables (infrared radiation and hot). The characteristics of the sensors used are crucial to discover the onset of fire in real time, to improve scalability, reduce the cost of the sensor network, achieving early fire detection. Sensors for infrared and thermal emissions (physical variable) are highly sensitive to facilitate detection from distance, but when used on land the disadvantage is that the foliage and terrain obstacles attenuate and scatter the infrared emission and requires towers to improve visibility. Sensors for chemical emissions have advantages for terrestrial onset of fire detection (emissions from forest fire spread through the air and can reach the corners of the forest), they do not need line of sight nor to be placed as large height. The market also offers solutions for fire detection that could be adapted for use within the forest (eg sensors with high sensitivity and variable cost), optical detection systems for smoke and multi systems that reduce false alarms. The disadvantages; of those sensors is that they require heating energy (to raise the temperature and to detect CO or CO2 gas) and can be damaged by exceeding the limit values (gas concentration or relative humidity). Moreover, the concentration of smoke and gas near the point of detection is diminished due to the dispersion in the forest (this affects the performance of the sensors that require minimal ppm or% obscuration) Emissions or chemical variables (CO, smoke and CO2) are detected primarily through two strategies: -The response of these variables to physical phenomena (IR absorption, scattering IR, ionization, photoacoustic effects) -The interaction of these variables with the sensor material used (absorption, chemical reaction or a combination of both).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Detección temprana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variables físicas y química]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ionización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[efecto fotoacústico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Absorción IR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Early detection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical and chemical variables]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ionization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[photoacoustic effect]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IR absorption]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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