<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242025000100036</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/vf5xpa16</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Relación entre metodologías de determinación de conductividad eléctrica y concentración de cationes solubles en suelos de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Relationship between methods for assessing electrical conductivity and concentration of soluble cations in soils from Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos-Granados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas y Escuela de Agronomía Laboratorio de Suelos y Foliares]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas y Escuela de Agronomía Laboratorio de Suelos y Foliares]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>36</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242025000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242025000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242025000100036&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. La conductividad eléctrica del extracto de pasta saturada (CE(e)) es el método estándar para evaluar el impacto de la salinidad en los cultivos, pero su implementación en laboratorio presenta limitaciones que afectan su reproducibilidad. Estudios previos han relacionado la CE(e) con mediciones de CE obtenidas en extracciones suelo/agua. Sin embargo, la variabilidad de los suelos y de los métodos empleados hacen necesario validaciones específicas para suelos de Costa Rica. Objetivo. Establecer la relación entre la CE en extractos de pasta saturada y en dos extracciones suelo/agua, y validar la relación entre CE y suma de cationes (SC) solubles en extractos de suelo y muestras de aguas naturales y agrícolas en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Se midió la CE en suelos mediante tres metodologías: pasta saturada, y en extracciones (1:2,5) relación volumétrica y (1:5) masa/volumen. Se cuantificó la concentración de cationes solubles (Ca, Mg, K, Na) mediante ICP-OES en extractos de suelo y muestras de aguas. Los factores de conversión (fc) entre CE(1:2,5)/CE(1:5) y CE(e), así como la relación CE-SC, se determinaron mediante análisis de regresión. Resultados. Los fc obtenidos para CE(1:2,5)-CE(e) y CE(1:5)-CE(e) fueron 3,00 y 4,30, respectivamente. A partir de estos fc, se establecieron valores críticos de CE(1:2,5) y CE(1:5) para cultivos sensibles y moderadamente sensibles a la salinidad. La robusta relación lineal CE-SC valida el uso del factor de proporcionalidad K = 10 para estimar SC (mmol(+) L-1) a partir de CE (dS m-1). Conclusiones. Las extracciones (1:2,5) y (1:5) son métodos prácticos para estimar CE(e). Los resultados permitirán estandarizar la interpretación de CE en suelos de Costa Rica, lo cual tiene implicaciones para fines de manejo de este recurso. La relación CE-SC respalda el uso de CE como herramienta rápida para estimar la concentración de sales solubles en extractos acuosos suelos y muestras de aguas de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. The electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (EC(e)) is the reference method for assessing the impact of soil salinity on crops. However, this method has drawbacks that limit its reproducibility in the laboratory. Previous studies have related EC(e) to EC measurements conducted on various soil/water extractions. However, due to the variability of soils and methods employed, specific local validations are needed for soils in Costa Rica. Objective. To establish the relationship between EC(e) and EC measurements in soil/water extractions (1:2,5) and (1:5), and to validate the relationship between EC and the sum of soluble cations (SC) in soil extracts and water samples in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. EC was measured in Costa Rican soils using three methodologies: saturated paste extract, (1:2,5) volumetric ratio extractions, and (1:5) mass/volume ratio extractions. Soluble cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) were quantified by ICP-OES in both soil extracts and water samples. Conversion factors (fc) between EC(1:2,5)/EC(1:5) and EC(e), as well as the EC-SC relationship, were determined through regression analysis. Results. The fc values obtained for EC(1:2,5)-EC(e) and EC(1:5)-EC(e) were 3,00 and 4,30, respectively. Based on these fc, critical EC(1:2,5) and EC(1:5) values were established for sensitive and moderately sensitive crops to salinity. The strong linear EC-SC relationship validated the use of the proportionality factor K = 10 to estimate SC (mmol(+) L&#8315;¹) from EC (dS m&#8315;¹) data. Conclusions. The (1:2,5) and (1:5) extractions are practical methods for estimating EC(e), and these results will allow to standardize the EC interpretation and soil salinity diagnosis in soils from Costa Rica. The EC-SC relationship supports the use of EC as a proxy for the total concentration of soluble salts in soils extracts and water samples in Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[extracciones de suelo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pasta saturada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diagnóstico de salinidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de suelos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[composición de aguas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[concentración de sales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[soil extractions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[saturated paste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[salinity diagnosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[soil análisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water composition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[salts concentration]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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