<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242023000100087</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v47i1.53967</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diagnóstico del uso de antibióticos en regiones productoras de tomate en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diagnosis of the use of antibiotics in tomato producing regions in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro-Zúñiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón-Abarca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Centro de Investigaciones en Protección de Cultivos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Centro de Investigaciones en Protección de Cultivos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Centro de Investigaciones en Protección de Cultivos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>99</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242023000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242023000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242023000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) es la hortaliza que más se siembra en Costa Rica. Es un cultivo intensivo, anual y desarrollado por pequeños y medianos productores. Entre los problemas fitosanitarios que afectan el cultivo se encuentran las bacterias. Como parte del manejo integrado es común el uso de bactericidas y antibióticos. Objetivo. Realizar un diagnóstico sobre el uso de productos antibióticos u otros agroquímicos para el control de problemas bacterianos en el cultivo de tomate. Materiales y métodos. Se recopiló y ordenó información sobre el uso de antibióticos en tomate. Para esa labor se contó con la colaboración de funcionarios de las agencias de extensión del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería y organizaciones de productores de tomate. Se registró información aportada por 39 pequeños y medianos productores en diferentes regiones: 15 agricultores de Pacífico Central, 10 agricultores de Central Sur, 6 agricultores de Brunca, 4 agricultores de Chorotega, 3 agricultores de Central Occidental y un agricultor de Huetar Norte. Resultados. La mayoría produce el tomate en campo abierto, utiliza semi techos plásticos o invernaderos. Un 79,5% reportó problemas ocasionados por bacterias y de estos el 71,8% utiliza antibióticos, bactericidas o agroquímicos para su control. Un total de 14 productos fueron reportados por los agricultores para control de enfermedades bacterianas. No se reportaron lineamientos específicos en el manejo de residuos. Se evidenciaron problemas fitopatológicos en el cultivo del tomate, en su mayoría causados por bacterias, que son comunes, difíciles de erradicar y tienen una alta incidencia en las plantaciones, además de que producen pérdidas y disminución en la productividad. Conclusiones. Es necesario realizar otras investigaciones para continuar con más análisis referentes a los efectos que tiene la aplicación de antibióticos, complementariamente con el desarrollo de alternativas que conlleven a la reducción del uso de antibióticos en tomate acompañado del manejo responsable y efectivo de los mismos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most popular vegetable planted in Costa Rica. It is an intensive annual crop developed by small and medium growers. Among the phytosanitary problems that affect the crop are bacteria. In the integrated management, the use of bactericides and antibiotics is common. Objective. Carry out a diagnosis on the use of antibiotic products or other agrochemicals to control bacterial problems in tomato crop. Materials and methods. Information on the use of antibiotics in tomato was collected and ordered. The collaboration of extension agents from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and other organizations were used. Information provided by 39 small and medium producers in different regions was recorded farmers from the Central Pacific, 10 farmers from the South-Central, 6 farmers from the Brunca, 4 farmers from the Chorotega, 3 farmers from the Western Central and a farmer from the North Huetar. Results. Most growers produce tomatoes in an open field, using plastic semi-roofs or greenhouses. Of these growers, 79.5% report having problems caused by bacteria and of these, 71.8% use antibiotics, bactericides or other agrochemicals to control them. A total of 14 products were reported by growers to control bacterial diseases. A clear line in waste management is not reported. Phytopathological problems in tomato productions, mostly caused by bacteria, are common, difficult to eradicate and have a high incidence in plantations, in addition to causing losses and decrease productivity. Conclusion. It is necessary to carry out other research to continue with more analyses regarding the effects of the application of antibiotics, in addition to the development of alternatives that lead to the reduction of the use of antibiotics in tomato accompanied by their responsible and effective management.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agricultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bacterias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tomate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agriculture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bacteria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tomato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antibiotics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
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