<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242022000200117</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v46i2.52052</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Caracterización fenotípica, genotípica y ensayos de autopolinización en 18 accesiones de achiote (Bixa orellana L.) en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization and pollination tests of 18 Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) accessions in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enio Remberto Duque-Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre-Saltos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milena Belén]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamayo-Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad EARTH  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad EARTH  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad EARTH  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>134</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000200117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000200117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000200117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El achiote (Bixa orellana L.) es una especie valiosa debido al contenido de bixina presente en el arilo de sus semillas, pigmento que es utilizado en la industria alimentaria, cosmética y medicinal. La caracterización de germoplasma es el punto de partida para iniciar programas de fitomejoramiento y para identificar la variabilidad genética de un banco de germoplasma. Objetivo. Evaluación de las diferencias fenotípicas y genotípicas de 18 accesiones de achiote del Banco de Germoplasma de la Universidad EARTH. Materiales y métodos. El fenotipo se caracterizó por medio de descriptores generales y botánicos que detallan características morfológicas y productivas de los cultivares. El genotipo se caracterizó a partir del análisis de la región ITS2 del ADN ribosómico para establecer relaciones filogenéticas entre las accesiones y determinar las relaciones entre características fenotípicas y moleculares. También se realizaron ensayos de autopolinización para evaluar la respuesta de las accesiones a este método que condujera a la obtención de líneas puras. Resultados. Los resultados a partir del dendrograma Maximum Parsimony permitieron diferenciar 5 grupos filogenéticos, los cuales poseen una estrecha relación con el grado de espinosidad de las cápsulas. Al condensar el dendrograma a un 50% se obtuvieron 2 grupos diferenciados por la presencia o ausencia de espinas en las cápsulas, esto posiciona a esta característica como la determinante para el agrupamiento de los materiales. Las accesiones con espinas presentan mayor número de semillas por cápsula, mientras que las accesiones sin espinas poseen mayor contenido de bixina y mayor peso de semilla. Los ensayos de autopolinización revelaron una aparente autoincompatibilidad de acción tardía en algunas accesiones. Conclusión. Esta investigación generó información sobre la identificación de las accesiones, como una primera fase encaminada a la obtención de líneas homocigotas para conservar la identidad genética de las accesiones del Banco de Germoplasma de la Universidad EARTH.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Achiote (Bixa orellana L.) is a valuable species due to the bixin content present in the aril of its seeds; this pigment is used in the food, cosmetic and medicinal industries. Germplasm characterization is the starting point to initiate breeding programs and to identify the genetic variability of a germplasm bank. Objective. This project evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic differences of 18 achiote accessions from the EARTH University Germplasm Bank. Materials and methods. Phenotype was characterized by general and botanical descriptors detailing morphological and productive characteristics of the cultivars. Genotype was characterized based on analysis of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA to establish phylogenetic relationships among accessions and to determine relationships between phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Self-pollination trials were also carried out to evaluate the response of the accessions to this method leading to the obtention of pure lines. Results. The results from the Maximum Parsimony dendrogram allowed to differentiate five phylogenetic groups, which are closely related to the degree of spinosity of the capsules. By condensing the dendrogram to 50%, 2 groups were obtained, differentiated by the presence or absence of spines in the capsules, which positions this trait as a determinant for the grouping of materials. Accessions with spines had a higher number of seeds per capsule, while accessions without spines had a higher bixin content and higher seed weight. Self-pollination assays revealed apparent late-acting self-incompatibility in some accessions. Conclusion. This study generated information on the identification of the accessions and is a first phase aimed at obtaining homozygous lines to preserve the genetic identity of the accessions in the EARTH University Germplasm Bank.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Achiote]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bixa orellana L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autopolinización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bixina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[región ITS2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relaciones filogenéticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variabilidad genética.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Annatto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bixa orellana L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[self-pollination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bixin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ITS2 region]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phylogenetic relationships]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic variability.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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