<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242022000100095</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v46i1.49871</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Flujos de óxido nitroso en pasturas bajo diferentes dosis de fertilización nitrogenada, Norte de Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide fluxes in pastures under different dose of nitrogen fertilization, Northern Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras-Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa-Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cadena-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Atencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judith]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falla-Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cindy Katherine]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido-Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeyson Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), C.I  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana De Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA),  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana De Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA),  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana De Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA),  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana De Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA),  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana De Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA),  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>109</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000100095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000100095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242022000100095&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El óxido nitroso es un gas de efecto invernadero de gran impacto sobre el calentamiento global. En los sistemas de producción ganaderos es de gran importancia buscar alternativas que permitan mitigar las emisiones de N2O, dentro de las cuales se ha considerado el uso de coberturas vegetales capaces de reducir el proceso de nitrificación. Objetivo. Evaluar la dinámica de los flujos de N2O en suelos bajo ocupación ganadera cubiertos con gramíneas mejoradas y fertilización nitrogenada (Úrea). Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación se desarrolló en un sistema de producción de carne en el valle medio del Rio Sinú, en el cual los flujos de N2O fueron monitoreados durante un periodo de 12 meses (noviembre 2014 - 2015). Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, en arreglo de parcelas divididas y 2 repeticiones, en donde la parcela principal correspondió a las gramíneas (Brachiariahumidicola CIAT679 y Panicummaximumcv. Tanzania) y suelo descubierto, y las subparcelas a 3 dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (0, 150, 300 kg.ha-1.año-1 N). Resultados. Los flujos de N2O fluctuaron según el contenido de humedad del suelo, asociado a los periodos de mayor o menor precipitación en la región. La cobertura con la gramínea Brachiariahumidicolacv CIAT679 mostró menores emisiones de N2O, mientras que las dosis de fertilizantes nitrogenados aumentaron las emisiones de N2O. Dichos efectos fueron en parte atenuados por el uso de la cobertura con Brachiariahumidicola CIAT679. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las emisiones de óxido nitroso en los sistemas ganaderos podrían variar a partir del tipo de cobertura y las dosis de fertilización nitrogenada utilizadas. En este caso, se encontró que la cobertura con Brachiariahumidicolacv CIAT679 en los sistemas de producción ganaderos reduce en más del 40% las emisiones de óxido nitroso hasta una dosis de N máxima de 300 kg.ha-1.año-1.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Nitrous oxide is a highly relevant greenhouse gas. In livestock production systems, it is of a great importance to search for alternatives to mitigate N2O emissions, among which the use of plant covers capable of reducing nitrification process has been considered. Objective. Evaluate the dynamics of N2O fluxes in livestock soils covered with two improved grasses and doses of nitrogen fertilization (Úrea). Materials and methods. This research was developed in a livestock system in the middle valley of the Rio Sinú, in which N2O fluxes were monitored during a period of 12 months (November 2014 - 2015). An experimental design of randomized complete block design was used, in an arrangement of divided plots and 2 repetitions, where main plot corresponded to grasses (Brachiariahumidicola CIAT679 and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) and bare soil; and the subplots fertilization dose of N (0, 150, 300 kg.ha-1.year-1 N). Results. The N2O fluxes fluctuated according to the soil moisture content, associated with periods of great or less precipitation in the region. Coverage with the grass Brachiariahumidicola cv CIAT679 showed lower N2O emissions, while the doses of nitrogen fertilizers increased N2O emissions. These effects were partially attenuated by the use of the coverage with BrachiariahumidicolaCIAT679. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that nitrous oxide emissions in livestock systems could vary from the type of coverage and the doses of nitrogen fertilizer used. In our case, it was found that coverage with BrachiariahumdicolaCIAT769 in livestock production systems reduces nitrous oxide emissions by more than 40% with maximum N soil application of 300 kg.ha-1.year-1.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gases de efecto invernadero (GEI)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mitigación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gramínea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propiedades físico-químicas suelo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producción ganadera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Greenhouse gas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mitigation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[grass]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical-chemical properties of soil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[livestock-bovine]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastidas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazabel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enciso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutierrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Determinación de la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno (UEN) por principales pasturas forrajeras de trópico bajo en respuesta a diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados - Informe final de resultados]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>79</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Palmira, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[AlianzaBioversity International - CIAT.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernabé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maineult]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physicsofporous media: fluid Flux throughporous media.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schubert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[.) Treatise on Geophysics. 2 ed. Vol 11.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam, NLD. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bodelier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PLE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laanbroek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>265-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Soil survey field and laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA, US Department of Agriculture ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Natural Resources Conservation Service]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butterbach-Bahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baggs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dannenmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zechmeister-Boltenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>368</volume>
<numero>1621</numero>
<issue>1621</issue>
<page-range>20130122</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurtz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Science]]></source>
<year>1945</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byrnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nùñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trujillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chirinda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria grasses mitigates soil nitrous oxide emissions from bovine urine patches.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Biol. Biochem]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>156-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Applied Biology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>162</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>145-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MED.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y mineral en las propiedades del suelo, la emisión de los principales gases de efecto invernadero y en las diferentes fases fenológicas del cultivo de café (Coffeaarabica L.).]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>190</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Madrid.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CATIE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Medición de óxido nitroso en pasturas de Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chapman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cation-exchange capacity. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>891-901</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wisconsin, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society of Agronomy.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide emissions from ruminant urine: science and mitigation for intensively managed perennial pastures.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>21-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras-Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez-Atencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raghavan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Rebolledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido-Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Silvopastoral systems: Mitigation of greenhouse gases in the Tropical Dry Forest - Colombia.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>901-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aust. J. Soil Res.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>165-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WRD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MLG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulrolnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vileta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Soil N2O fluxes in integrated production systems, continuous pasture and Cerrado.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>69-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobbie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McTaggart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: Variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<numero>D21</numero>
<issue>D21</issue>
<page-range>26891-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrogen oxide fluxes and nitrogen cycling during post-agricultural succession and forest fertilization in the humid tropics.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecosystems]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>67-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa-Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras-Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cadena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Atencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo-Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Flujos de metano en suelos con coberturas de pastos en el norte de Colombia.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>291-309</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>FAO</collab>
<collab>GTIS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estado Mundial del Re-curso Suelo (EMRS) - Resumen Técnico. Grupo Técnico Intergubernamental del Suelo y Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y Grupo Técnico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ju]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Su]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oenema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from optimized and alternative cereal cropping systems on the North China Plain: a two-year field study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci. Total Environ]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>472</volume>
<page-range>112-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camacho-Amador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emisión de gases de efecto invernadero de la fertilización nitrogenada en México.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1733-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulledge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schimel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Controls on soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a variety of taiga forest stands in interior Alaska]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecosystems]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>269-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendershot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duquette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ion exchange and exchangeable cations 2 ed.]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>197-207</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Canadian Society of Soil Science.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havlík]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thornton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wirsenius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hristov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butterbach-Bahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stehfest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>452-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holdridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ecología basada en zonas de vida]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>225</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica, IICA ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IGAC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Métodos analíticos del laboratorio de suelos.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprenta Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using urease and nitrification inhibitors to decrease ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions and improve productivity in a subtropical pasture.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science of The Total Environment]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>644</volume>
<page-range>1531-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeBauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treseder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KK.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>371-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schipper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous oxide fluxes determined by continuous eddy covariance measurements from intensively grazed pastures: Temporal patterns and environmental controls.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>268</volume>
<page-range>171-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montenegro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno en la emisión de óxido nitroso en plantaciones de café en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[R. C. A.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>111-130.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saliou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takahashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subbarao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GV.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La contribución de la rotación de raíces en la inhibición de la nitrificación biológica y su impacto en las arqueas oxidantes de amoníaco en cultivos de Brachiaria.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agronomía]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1003</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fluxes of nitrous-oxide and methane from nitrogenamended soils in a Colorado alpine ecosystem.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biogeochemistry]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>23-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sommers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. 2 ed]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Page]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Methods of soil analysis]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<page-range>403-30</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Wisconsin, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastrana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada en la dinámica del óxido nitroso y metano en Brachiariahumidicola (Rendle) Schweickerdt.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia &amp; Tecnología Agropecuaria]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>134-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turriago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaparro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inventario nacional y departamental de gases efecto invernadero-Colombia. Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[PNUD, MADS, DNP, CANCILLERIA, y FMAM, Bogotá, Colombia. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IDEAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravishankara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daniel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous Oxide (N2O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21 st Century.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>326</volume>
<numero>5949</numero>
<issue>5949</issue>
<page-range>12 3-12 5.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chará]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barahona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from grasslands and bovine excreta in two intensive tropical dairy production systems.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agrofor. Syst]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>915-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rondón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Land use and balances of greenhouse gases in Colombian Tropical Savannas.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>211</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cornell University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dieckow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanatta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van derWeerden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CAM.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does Brachiariahumidicola and dicyandiamide reduce nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions from cattle urine patches in the subtropics?.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci. Total Environ]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>720</volume>
<page-range>137-692</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abagandura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short-term grazing of cover crops and maize residue impacts on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in two Mollisols.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Environmental Quality]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>628-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Soil Survey Staff.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Keys to soil taxonomy 12 ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>399</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United StatesDepartmentofAgriculture.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fertilización nitrogenada, línea base y proyecciones de gases de efecto invernadero en Colombia''.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colombia, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ussiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nitrous Oxide Sources and Mitigation Strategies.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Springer ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dordrecht]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
