<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242021000100153</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v45i1.45745</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Establecimiento de tres indicadores de eficiencia en el uso de agua para lavado en instalaciones lecheras en Zarcero, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Establishing of three cleaning water efficiency indicators used in dairy facilities in Zarcero, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco Vinicio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Estatal a Distancia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José,]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias Estación Experimental Alfredo Volio Mata]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>163</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242021000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242021000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242021000100153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El agua es el recurso más importante en todo el planeta y existe un claro reconocimiento de que los efectos de los sistemas de producción pecuaria y los patrones de consumo sobre este recurso, deben disminuir en intensidad. Objetivo. Establecer 3 indicadores de eficiencia en el uso de agua de lavado en instalaciones lecheras. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el segundo semestre del 2018, en 23 fincas lecheras, en Zarcero, Costa Rica. Para los 3 indicadores, se consideraron 4 variables: 1) agua utilizada para lavado de instalaciones, estimada por duración del tiempo de lavado y el caudal utilizado, 2) superficie de piso expuesto a la excreción, mediante la determinación de las áreas de piso cementado con presencia animal, 3) animales presentes, y 4) excretas generadas en las instalaciones, a partir de la estimación del peso vivo de los animales presentes. Se establecieron 3 indicadores de eficiencia: agua utilizada por kilogramo de excreta generada, agua utilizada por animal y agua utilizada por unidad de superficie, que se analizaron a nivel general y a nivel de subgrupos de fincas, agrupadas de acuerdo con el mecanismo utilizado para el transporte de agua para lavado, y de acuerdo con la existencia de procesos previos de remoción de excretas. Resultados. Para el primer indicador, se obtuvo un rango de 2,7-27,0 litros de agua por kilogramo de excreta generada; para el segundo indicador, la mediana fue de 58,5 litros por animal con un rango de 23,0 a 149,5; finalmente para el tercer indicador, el agua utilizada por área expuesta osciló entre 4,7 y 40,6 litros por metro cuadrado. Conclusión. Existe una gran variabilidad en los valores obtenidos para los diferentes indicadores en las fincas analizadas, sin embargo, la información generada puede servir de insumo para generar herramientas con el fin de identificar opciones para maximizar el uso y conservación del agua.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Water is the most important resource on the entire planet and there is a clear recognition that the effects of livestock production systems and consumption patterns on this resource should decrease. Objective. To establish 3 efficiency indicators in the use of water for cleaning dairy facilities. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during the second semester of 2018, in 23 dairy farms, in Zarcero, Costa Rica. For the 3 indicators, 4 variables were considered: 1) water consumption for cleaning facilities estimated by duration of wash time and flow rate used, 2) floor area exposed to excretion, by determining the areas of cemented floor with animal presence, 3) animals present, and 4) excreta generated in the facilities, from the estimation of live weight of animals present. Three efficiency indicators were established: water used per kilogram of excreta generated, water used per animal and water used per unit area, which were analyzed at a general level and at subgroup level of farms, grouped according to the mechanism used to transport water for cleaning, and according to the existence of previous excreta removal processes. Results. For the first indicator, a range of 2.7-27.0 liters of water per kilogram of excreta generated was obtained; for the second indicator, the median was 58.5 liters per animal with a range of 23.0 to 149.5; and for the third indicator, water used for exposed area ranged between 4.7 and 40.6 liters per square meter. Conclusion. There is a high variability within the obtained values for the different indicators in the farms analyzed, however, this information can serve as an input to generate tools to identify options to maximize water use efficiency and conservation.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ambiente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ganado de leche]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[huella hídrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sostenibilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[escasez de agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Environment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dairy cattle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water footprint]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sustainability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water scarcity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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