<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242016000100081</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v40i1.25336</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Application of GPS and GIS to study foraging behavior of dairy cattle]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de GPS y GIS para estudiar el comportamiento en pastoreo de vacas lecheras]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jairo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicole]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fauchille]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anais]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Utsumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Michigan State University Department of Animal Science W.K. Kellogg Biological Station]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dairy Research Interns KBS ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>United State</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Tolima Livestock Agroforestry Systems Research Group ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>81</fpage>
<lpage>88</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242016000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242016000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242016000100081&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:The use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to discriminate foraging activities of dairy cattle was evaluated at the robotic and pasturebased dairy farm of the WK Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, during August 11-20, 2010. Visual scans of foraging activities and recording of locations and activity sensors were conducted on 4 lactating Holstein dairy cows (650 kg LW; 23 kg.day-1) equipped with GPS collars that register head position, X-axis and Y-axis movement sensors. Results from GPS collars showed 82-86% probability of estimating animal locations with a 7 m error. GPS data suggested cows were on pasture most of the time 94.6% (±0.92) and under barn only 5.4% (±0.92). When cows were on pasture, they spent most of the time grazing (51%); the remaining time was devoted to resting (43%) and traveling (6%); cattle traveled an average 3385 m±712 SE per day. In low-temperature days the main activity of cows was grazing (92%), but under medium and high temperatures grazing was only 62.6 and 59.4%, respectively. On the contrary, resting was most important under medium and high temperatures (33.6 and 31.8%, respectively). The usefulness of remote sensing and GPS to monitor animal behavior was demonstrated.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:Se evaluó el uso de los Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) para discriminar las actividades de pastoreo de vacas lecheras. El estudio se realizó en la granja robotizada de la Estación Biológica WK Kellogg de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan, entre 11 y 20 de agosto, 2010. Mediante observación de las actividades de forrajeo en diferentes sitios, usando sensores remotos se llevó un registro de la actividad de 4 vacas lactantes Holstein (650 kg PV; 23 kg.día-1) equipadas con collares GPS, que registran la posición de la cabeza con sensores de movimiento para los ejes X y Y. Los GPS mostraron 82-86% de probabilidad que la estimación de las ubicaciones de los animales tuviesen un error de 7 m. Estos datos sugirieron que las vacas permanecieron en las pasturas la mayor parte del tiempo (94,6±0,92%) y dentro del establo sólo un 5,4% (±0,92) del tiempo. Cuando las vacas estaban en las pasturas, la mayor parte del tiempo la dedicaron a pastoreo (51%); otra parte se dedicó a reposo (43%) y 6% a traslado. El ganado viajó en promedio 3385±712 m por día. En días de temperatura baja la actividad principal de las vacas fue el pastoreo (92%) y en días de media y alta temperatura el pastoreo fue sólo 62,6 y 59,4%, respectivamente. Por el contrario, el reposo fue la actividad más importante bajo media y alta temperatura (33,6 y 31,8%, respectivamente). Se demostró la utilidad de la teledetección y los GPS para monitorear el comportamiento animal.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GIS ambient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[grazing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[animal ethology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[monitoring collars]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ambiente SIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pastoreo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[etología de los animales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[collares de monitoreo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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