<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242015000200033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diversidad genética entre subpoblaciones raciales bovinas de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Genetic diversity among bovine racial subpopulations of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Idania]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernal]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242015000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242015000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242015000200033&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenEl objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la diversidad genética entre 16 subpoblaciones raciales bovinas de Costa Rica, con base en 1412 muestras de ADN bovino de todo el país, evaluadas mediante 18 marcadores microsatélites. El número promedio de alelos (Na) por locus dentro de raza fue de 10,3, que varían entre 8 (Holstein×Jersey) y 13 (Criolla para doble propósito). El número promedio de alelos efectivo (Ne) fue de 5,04, con cambios entre 4,18 (Jersey) y 5,64 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). La heterocigosidad observada promedio fue de 0,77, variando entre 0,73 (Jersey) y 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). La heterocigosidad esperada (He) promedio fue de 0,78, que oscilan entre 0,74 (Jersey y Holstein×Jersey) y 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Criolla para doble propósito y Cruces para doble propósito). El contenido de información polimórfica (PIC) fue de 0,76, con variaciones entre 0,71 (Jersey y Holstein×Jersey) y 0,79 (Criollas para doble propósito y Cruces para doble propósito). El FIS promedio fue de 0,02, con oscilaciones entre -0,03 (Holstein×Jersey) a 0,04 (Brahman, Criolla para carne y Cruces para leche). La desviación del equilibrio Hardy Weinberg no fue significativa (p&gt;0,05) en la mayoría de los loci para las subpoblaciones raciales. El subgrupo con mayor número de loci en desequilibrio fue Jersey (8 loci), mientras que los subgrupos Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Criolla para leche y Holstein×Jersey presentaron solo 1 locus en desequilibrio. Los índices de fijación FIS (0,02), FIT (0,05) y FST (0,03) indicaron cierta tendencia hacia la homocigosidad. Los dendrogramas mostraron 3 agrupaciones raciales claramente diferenciadas que coinciden con las razas de origen Bos taurus, Bos indicus y sus respectivos cruces. Los resultados del análisis indicaron que el número de microsatélites empleados sí permitió establecer una discriminación clara a nivel de las frecuencias alélicas y en la distribución del tamaño de los alelos entre las subpoblaciones de distintas especies y aún entre razas puras.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[AbstractThe objetive of this study was to quantify the genetic diversity among 16 bovine racial subpopulations of Costa Rica, based on 1412 samples of bovine DNA from around the country, which were evaluated using 18 microsatellite markers. Average number of alleles (Na) per locus within breed was 10.3, ranging from 8 (Holstein×Jersey) to 13 (Dual Purpose Creole). Average number of effective alleles (Ne) was 5.04, ranging between 4.18 (Jersey) and 5.64, (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average observed heterocigozity (Ho) was 0.77, varying between 0.73 (Jersey) and 0.81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average expected heterocigozity (He) was 0.78, oscillating between 0.74 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) and 0.81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus, dual purpose Creole and dual purpose Crosses). The polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.76, ranging between 0.71 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) and 0.79 (dual purpose Creole and dual purpose crosses). Average FIS was 0.02, ranging from -0.03 (Holstein×Jersey) to 0.04 (Brahman, Beef Creole and Dairy crosses). Deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was not significant (p&gt;0.05) for the majority of loci within racial subpopulations. Subgroup with the highest number of loci in disequilibrium was Jersey (8 loci), while subgroups Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Dairy Creole and Holstein×Jersey showed only 1 locus in disequilibrium. Fixation indexes FIS (0.02), FIT (0.05) and FST (0.03) indicated some tendency towards homocigozity. The dendrograms showed 3 distinct racial groups that match races of Bos taurus, origin Bos indicus and their crosses. The results of the analysis indicated that the number of microsatellites used allowed to establish a clear discrimination at the level of the alelic frequencies and in the distribution of the size of aleles between the subpopulations of different species and even between pure races.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estructura genética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relaciones filogenéticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microsatélites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Genetic structure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phylogenetic relationship]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microsatellites]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and differentiation of five Cuban cattle breeds using 30 microsatellite loci]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ACOSTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[UFFO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RONDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OSTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODELLAR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZARAGOZA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal. Anim. Breed. Genet]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>79-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ABI PRISM(r) GeneMapper(tm) Software Versión 3.0 User's Manual]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>342</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALZARINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DI RIENZO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Info-Gen: Software para análisis estadístico genómico. Facultad de Ciencia Agropecuarias]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Córdoba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and differentiation of exotic and American commercial cattle breeds raised in Brazil]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRASIL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COELHO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DRUMMOND]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OLIVEIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genetics and Molecular Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>5516-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic diversity measures of local European beef cattle breeds for conservation purposes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CAÑON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALEXANDRINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BESSA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARLEOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRETERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUNNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GARCIA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JORDANA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LALOE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEREIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANCHEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOAZAMI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genet. Sel. Evol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>311-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CORDERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROJAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VARGAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Uso de marcadores moleculares para identificación y verificación de parentescos en ganado bovino]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CORFOGA (CORPORACIÓN GANADERA, CR)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de censo ganadero 2000. San José. Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DICE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology]]></source>
<year>1945</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>297-302</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EGITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PAIVA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALBUQUERQUE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARIANTE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMEIDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CASTRO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRATTAPAGLIA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microsatellite based genetic diversity and relationships among ten Creole and commercial cattle breeds raised in Brazil]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Homoplasy and mutation model at microsatellite loci and their consequences for population genetics analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ESTOUP]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JARNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CORNUET]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mol Ecol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1591-604</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of molecular variance for metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EXCOFFIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SMOUSE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[QUATTRO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genetics]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<page-range>479-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO (ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACIÓN, IT)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture. Draft guidelines on molecular genetic characterization of animal genetic resources]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>70</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rome ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO (ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACIÓN, IT)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture. Report of a consultation on the definition of breed categories]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>7</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Rome ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FELSENSTEIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>783-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of STR Markers Reveals High Genetic Structure in Portuguese Native Cattle]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GINJA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DA GAMA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[T PENEDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Heredity]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HIDALGO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MONGE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CRUZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOLINA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CAMACHO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VARGAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARRIENTOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Informe preliminar de país sobre la situación nacional de los recursos zoogenéticos. Subcomisión nacional encargada de la elaboración del informe país sobre la situación de los recursos genéticos pecuarios de Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>43</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Agricultura]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic structure of eighteen local south European beef cattle breeds by comparative F-statistics analysis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JORDANA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALEXANDRINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BEJA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BESSA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CAÑON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRETERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUNNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LALOE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOAZAMI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANCHEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRAND]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Anim Breed Genet]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<page-range>73-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic characterization of Argentine and Bolivian Creole cattle breeds assessed through microsatellites]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LIRÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PERAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GIOVAMBATTISTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Heredity]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>331-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic distances between populations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Naturalist]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<page-range>283-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[F-statistics and analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ann. of Hum Genet]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>225-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEAKALL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SMOUSE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mol. Ecol. Notes]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>288-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research - an update]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PEAKALL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SMOUSE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bioinformatics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>2537-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[QUIRÓS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la Ganadería Bovina en Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CORFOGA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Neighbor-joining Method: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SAITOU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Molecular Biology and Evolution]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>406-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>SIREA (SISTEMA INTEGRADO DE REGISTRO DE ESTABLECIMIENTOS AGROPECUARIOS, CR)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[SENASA (Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, CR)]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SLATKIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genetics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>139</volume>
<page-range>457-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic variation in eight Chinese cattle breeds based on the analysis of microsatellite markers]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SUN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CHEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZHANG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Genetic Sel Evol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>681-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[POPTREE2: Software for constructing population trees from allele frequency data and computing other population statistics with Windows interface]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAKEZAKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NEI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAMURA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mol Biol Evol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>747-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los sistemas ganaderos con Criollo Lechero Tropical (Reyna) en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VILABOA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[QUIRÓS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DÍAZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WINGCHING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BROWER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZETINA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>167-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WARD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>236-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEIR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COCKERHAM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>358-1370</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The genetical structure of populations. Annals of Human Genetics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WRIGHT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Human Genetics]]></source>
<year>1950</year>
<page-range>323-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to system of mating]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WRIGHT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>395-420</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
