<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0256-7024</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geológica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0256-7024</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0256-70242021000100016</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rgac.v0i64.46617</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La actividad eruptiva del volcán Turrialba (Costa Rica) en el siglo XIX: reinterpretación de los documentos históricos y de los depósitos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The eruptive activity of Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) in the XIX century: reinterpretation of historical documents and deposits]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenes-André]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geoffroy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reinaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos-Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Moor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Maarten]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Comisión Nacional de Prevención y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas (CICG) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Red Ciudadana de Estaciones Meteorológicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Rafael Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica (Ovsicori) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología (Cenat) Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología (Lanotec) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Granada Departamento de Geodinámica Campus Fuentenueva]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) Parque Nacional Volcán Turrialba ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Turrialba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>64</numero>
<fpage>16</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0256-70242021000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-70242021000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0256-70242021000100016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La literatura vulcanológica internacional cita la actividad eruptiva del Turrialba restringida mayoritariamente a los años 1864-1866. Sin embargo, con base en una reinterpretación de los documentos históricos y el aporte de las dataciones de radiocarbono junto con las secciones estratigráficas, se evidenció que el Turrialba presentó al menos entre 1847 y 1863 un paulatino reactivar con columnas de gases vistas desde la distancia, vegetación quemada, llamas y ruidos. Entre el 17 de agosto de 1864 y con seguridad hasta febrero de 1866, o quizás incluso marzo o mayo de 1866, presentó la fase paroxísmica de erupciones importantes en la que se produjeron lahares y caída de cenizas en el Valle Central y en Puntarenas (125 km). Finalmente, entre junio de 1866 y 1881, la actividad eruptiva fue aparentemente esporádica con intensa actividad exhalativa. El único cráter activo fue el más occidental con dos o tres intrabocas. Los depósitos iniciales fueron freatomagmáticos, pobres en fragmentos juveniles (freatovulcanianos), ricos en clastos muy hidrotermalizados, con un incremento paulatino de los juveniles en el tiempo, presentándose corrientes de densidad piroclástica, alternando con fases estrombolianas. La actividad culmina con una fase estromboliana rica en balística y posiblemente con un chorro oblicuo. El volumen total estimado es de ~0,01 km3. Los componentes juveniles son de composición predominantemente basáltica transición a andesita basáltica (SiO2 50,57-53,20 wt%) con vesículas redondeadas (12-56 % vol.) y una textura hipocristalina porfirítica (30-40 % vol. fenocristales) con fenocristales de labradoritas a bytownita (14-27 % vol., An51-88), augita (~20 % vol., Wo37-46En42-46Fs7-15), variando a miembros más cálcicos (endiópsido, diópsido y salita), olivino (~10 % vol., Fo70-88), en una matriz con microlitos de labradorita (An50-68), olivino (Fo71-75), minerales opacos (magnetita cromífera) y poco ortopiroxeno (&lt;1 % vol.). Sin embargo, se presentan variaciones amplias en el espectro cuando se analizan los vidrios, desde andesitas basálticas, andesitas, traquiandesitas basálticas, traquiandesitas e incluso riolitas. El modelo de fragmentación y transporte secuencial SFT (Sequential Fragmentation-Transport, por su nombre en inglés) fue aplicado en su versión ampliada de Modelo Fractal con un doble propósito: aumentar la información sobre el evento eruptivo que las originó, así como comparar los posibles mecanismos de transporte que se pueden deducir del modelo con aquellos que se obtienen a partir de los análisis tradicionales. Se encontró una buena concordancia con los eventos estrombolianos, aunque fue parcial con los freatomagmáticos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The volcanological literature typically states that the eruptive activity at Turrialba was mostly restricted within the period of 1864-1866. However, it appears that a gradual reactivation occurred, with columns of gases seen from afar, burnt vegetation, &#8220;flames&#8221; and noises. Between the 17th of August 1864 and certainly until February, or even March or May, 1866 there were important eruptions with lahar events and ash fall in the Valle Central and in Puntarenas (125 km). Finally, between June of 1866 and 1881, the eruptive activity was apparently sporadic with intense exhalation activity. The only active crater was the westernmost one with two or three small eruptive vents. The initial deposits were possibly phreatomagmatic, poor in juvenile fragments but rich in hydrothermally altered clasts, with gradual increase in juvenile content with time, and the development of pyroclastic density currents alternating with minor Strombolian phases. The activity culminates with a Strombolian phase being rich in ballistics and possibly with an oblique jet component. The total estimated volume is of ~0,01 km3. The juvenile components are predominantly basaltic transitional to basaltic andesitic (SiO2 50.57 - 53.20 wt%) with rounded vesicles (12 -56% vol.) and a porphyritic hypocrystalline texture (30 - 40% vol. phenocrysts) with labradorites to bytownite (&lt;25% vol., An51-88), augite (~20% vol., Wo37-46-En42-46Fs7-15), varying to calcic members (endiopsid, diopside and salt), olivine (~10% vol., Fo70-88), in a matrix with microliths of labradorite (An50-68), olivine (Fo71-75), opaque minerals (chromite magnetite) and little orthopyroxene (&lt;1% vol.). However, there are a strong variation in the compositional spectrum when glasses are analyzed, from basaltic andesite to andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, trachyandesites, and even rhyolites. The fragmentation and sequential transport model Sequential Fragmentation-Transport (SFT) was applied in its expanded version of the Fractal Model with a double purpose: to increase the information about the eruptive event that originated them, as well as to compare the possible transport mechanisms that may be deduced from the model with those obtained from traditional analyzes. Good concordance has been encountered with strombolian events, although it was partially also with phreatomagmatic ones.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad eruptiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[siglo XIX]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SFT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[volcán Turrialba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Eruptive activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[XIX Century]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SFT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Turrialba Volcano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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