<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0256-7024</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geológica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0256-7024</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0256-70242019000200035</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rgac.v61i0.40087</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evolución espacio-temporal de las bocas eruptivas de los volcanes Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba y Poás en tiempo histórico (Costa Rica)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Space-time evolution of eruptive mouths on the volcanoes Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba and Poás in historical time (Costa Rica)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela Centroamericana de Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) Unidad de Investigación y Análisis del Riesgo ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN: UCR-ICE)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes Depto. de Geología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>61</numero>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0256-70242019000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-70242019000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0256-70242019000200035&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Se realizó un análisis histórico de la evolución morfológica y temporal de los cráteres y las bocas eruptivas (cráteres laterales, intracráteres y cráteres pequeños o bocas) de los volcanes Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba y Poás. El establecimiento de las bocas eruptivas intracratéricas estuvo precedida por actividad fumarólica en la parte cuspidal, cuya localización al parecer está controlada por las mismas directrices tectónicas predominantes en el edificio volcánico: NW-SE, E-W y N-S (Irazú), E-W (Arenal), NE-SE (Turrialba) y N-S (Poás). La actividad eruptiva de las bocas en el Irazú y su paulatina coalescencia, estuvo gobernada por actividad freática con fases freatomagmáticas (1917-1921, 1924, 1928-1930, 1933, 1939-1940), que culminan con la actividad eruptiva de 1962-1965, en presencia de material magmático juvenil abundante (actividad estromboliana y vulcaniana), para finalmente dar origen a un cráter mayor que engulle a los menores. En el Arenal, los 3 nuevos cráteres se formaron en 1968 sobre el flanco occidental con sentido E-W. Entre el periodo eruptivo del Irazú de 1723 y su reactivar en 1917, pasaron 194 años, similar en orden de magnitud a los 144 años de inactividad relevante del Turrialba entre 1866 y el 2010. El Turrialba presentó igualmente la formación de bocas menores entre el 2010 y el 2013, para culminar con el agrandamiento y profundización del cráter Activo (2014-2019) con varias bocas intracratéricas menores pero muy activas. En el Poás, la actividad del 2017 estuvo igualmente antecedida con actividad freática con la formación de borbollones o megahornillas, que culminaron con la destrucción del domo volcánico debido a explosiones freatomagmáticas. Se formó un nuevo cono de escorias en el mismo lugar del domo, así como de varias bocas con conos de azufre y borbollones en la posición del lago cratérico hiperácido (seco o parcialmente formado), orientados aproximadamente N-S. Se establece un cierto patrón en la sucesión de bocas y cráteres en dichos volcanes y su relación con la tectónica, que podría tener implicaciones para el peligro volcánico a corto plazo, al conocerse los sectores preferenciales de evolución y formación, así como la evolución desde bocas menores hasta cráteres mayores, relacionados con períodos eruptivos más vigorosos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Historical research was performed analyzing the morphologic and temporary evolution of the craters and small eruptive vents (lateral craters, intracraters, some as pit craters and small craters or &#8220;mouths&#8221;) of the volcanoes Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba and Poás. The establishment of the small intracrateric eruptive mouths was preceded by fumarolic activity in the summit, where location seems to be controlled by the same tectonic guidelines that predominate at the volcanic edifice or massif: NW-SE, E-W and N-S (Irazú), E-W (Arenal), NE-SE (Turrialba) and N-S (Poás). The initial formation of the intracraters at Irazú and its coalescing was ruled dominated by phreatic activity with phreatomagmatic phases (1917-1921, 1924, 1928-1930, 1933, 1939-1940), which culminated with eruptive activity from 1962 to 1965, in presence of abundant juvenile pyroclasts (strombolian and vulcanian activity), to finally establishing a main crater that encompasses the smaller craters. On Arenal&#8217;s western flank, three new craters formed in 1968 in the E-W fissure. Between Irazú&#8217;s eruptive period in 1723 and its reactivation in 1917, 194 years passed, similar to Turrialba&#8217;s 144 years of relevant inactivity between 1866 and 2010. Turrialba showed the formation of minor vents between 2010 and 2013, to culminate with the enlargement and deepening of the active crater (2014-2019) with various minor active intracraters. The 2017 activity at Poás volcano was also preceded by phreatic activity with the formation of mud volcanoes, which ended with the volcanic dome&#8217;s destruction by phreatomagmatic explosions. The birth of a new spatter cone at the same place of the former dome, as well as various sulfur cones and mud volcanoes oriented approximately N-S. In this paper, certain patterns in the succession of craters in the cases mentioned and their relationship with the tectonic trends may have short-term implications for the volcanic hazard once the preferential sectors of evolution and formation are known, as well as the evolution from small crater to larger ones, related to more vigorous eruptive periods.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bocas eruptivas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cráteres volcánicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[volcanes Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba y Poás]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[evolución morfológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Eruptive small vents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[volcanic craters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Irazú, Arenal, Turrialba and Poás volcanoes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[morphological evolution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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