<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0256-7024</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geológica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0256-7024</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0256-70242013000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Primer registro de aves fósiles (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae y un probable Odontopterygiformes: Pelagornithidae) para el Mioceno Superior de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[First record of fossil birds (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae and a probably Odontopterygiformes: Pelagornithidae) from the Upper Miocene of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valerio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Museo Nacional de Costa Rica Departamento de Historia Natural ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje Museo Nacional de Costa Rica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>49</numero>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0256-70242013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-70242013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0256-70242013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[For the first time, remains of two fossil marine birds are recorded for Costa Rica; these fossils came out from the Upper Miocene Curré Formation. These finds are associated to shallow marine sediments and conform other marine fossil vertebrates such as cetaceans, sharks and rays.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se registran por primera vez para Costa Rica restos de dos aves marinas fósiles (Aves: Pelecaniformes y Odontopterygiformes) procedentes de la Formación Curré de edad Mioceno Superior. Estos hallazgos están asociados a sedimentos marino someros y concuerdan con otros vertebrados fósiles marinos asociados como cetáceos, tiburones y rayas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Birds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pelecaniformes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pelecanus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Odontopterygiformes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pelagornithidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Upper Miocene]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Aves]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pelecaniformes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pelecanus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Odontopterygiformes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pelagornithidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mioceno Superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="4"> Primer registro de aves f&oacute;siles (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae y un probable Odontopterygiformes: Pelagornithidae) para el Mioceno Superior de Costa Rica</font>    <br> </div> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br>     <div style="text-align: center;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="4">First record of fossil birds (</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="4">Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae y un probable Odontopterygiformes: Pelagornithidae) from the Upper Miocene of Costa Rica</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3"> </font>    <br> </div> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br>     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-family: Verdana;"  size="2">Ana L. Valerio<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="3"></a>*</sup>, C&eacute;sar A. Laurito<sup><a href="#2">2</a><a name="4"></a>*</sup></font>    <br> </div> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <small><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a name="Correspondencia2"></a>*<a  href="#Correspondencia1">Direcci&oacute;n de correspondencia</a></span></small><a  href="#Correspondencia1">:</a>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Abstract</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">For the first time, remains of two fossil marine birds are recorded for Costa Rica; these fossils came out from the Upper Miocene Curr&eacute; Formation. These finds are associated to shallow marine sediments and conform other marine fossil vertebrates such as cetaceans, sharks and rays.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Keywords</span>: Birds, Pelecaniformes, Pelecanus, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae, Upper Miocene, Costa Rica.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Resumen</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Se registran por primera vez para Costa Rica restos de dos aves marinas f&oacute;siles (Aves: Pelecaniformes y Odontopterygiformes) procedentes de la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute; de edad Mioceno Superior. Estos hallazgos est&aacute;n asociados a sedimentos marino someros y concuerdan con otros vertebrados f&oacute;siles marinos asociados como cet&aacute;ceos, tiburones y rayas.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Palabras clave</span>: Aves, Pelecaniformes, Pelecanus, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae, Mioceno Superior, Costa Rica.</font>    <br> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Introducci&oacute;n</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Los Pelagornithidae F&uuml;rbringer, 1888, fueron aves marinas gigantes sin representantes actuales, cuya morfolog&iacute;a general recuerda a los pel&iacute;canos, siendo su caracter&iacute;stica m&aacute;s notoria el poseer grandes picos portadores de proyecciones &oacute;seas puntiagudas que semejaban dientes (Olson, 1985). Sus huesos eran excesivamente delgados por lo que su preservaci&oacute;n es muy dif&iacute;cil y fragmentada, aunque recientemente Mayr &amp; Rubilar-Rogers (2010), describieron un ejemplar chileno muy completo con una envergadura alar de 5.2 m y un peso de entre 16 y 29 kg. Al igual que los Pelagornithidae, los Pelecanidae Rafinesque, 1815 son aves marinas con representantes actuales de amplias y largas alas, largos cuellos, grandes sacos gulares y patas cortas, con envergaduras variables entre los 1 y 1,6 m y pesos variables entre los 3 y 7 kg.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">A continuaci&oacute;n se describen dos restos &oacute;seos f&oacute;siles correspondientes a las 2 familias de Aves arriba mencionadas, los mismos proceden de la localidad fosil&iacute;fera de San Gerardo de Limoncito, ubicada 14 km al oeste de la ciudad de San Vito en el cant&oacute;n de Coto Brus, provincia de Puntarenas en las coordenadas 8&ordm;51&#8217;19.6&#8217;&#8217; N y 83&ordm;04&#8217;51.9&#8217;&#8217; W (<a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i1.jpg">Fig.1</a>). Los mismos forman parte de la Colecci&oacute;n de F&oacute;siles de la Secci&oacute;n de Geolog&iacute;a del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica y son el objeto de estudio del presente trabajo.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Paleontolog&iacute;a</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br> Clase AVES Linnaeus, 1758</font><font style="font-family: Verdana;"  size="2">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <br> Orden PELECANIFORMES Sharpe, 1821</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br>     <br> Familia PELECANIDAE Rafinesque, 1815</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br>     <br> G&eacute;nero PELECANUS Linnaeus, 1758</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-style: italic;" size="2">    <br>     <br> Pelecanus sp. indet.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Material: CFM-1689, f&eacute;mur derecho sin extremo proximal (<a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i2.jpg">Figs. 2</a>.2a-d).</font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Descripci&oacute;n y discusi&oacute;n: fragmento distal de f&eacute;mur derecho en el que no se preservaron los c&oacute;ndilos: lateral y mesial. Adem&aacute;s, las fosas popliteal e intercondilar est&aacute;n levemente insinuadas. El epic&oacute;ndilo es rugoso y la ranura fibular profunda y elongada. El foramen nutricio es peque&ntilde;o y se conserva la cresta del m&uacute;sculo obturador. Los c&oacute;ndilos interno y externo son redondeados, la ranura patelar es una depresi&oacute;n redondeada, la l&iacute;nea anterior intermuscular no se observa.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Dimensiones: ancho m&iacute;nimo del cuerpo 12,99 mm, anchura m&aacute;xima del extremo distal 17,90 mm y profundidad m&aacute;xima del extremo distal 12,61 mm.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">La ep&iacute;fisis distal del f&eacute;mur carece de los c&oacute;ndilos lateral y mesial, este hecho sugiere la posibilidad que se trataba de un esp&eacute;cimen juvenil; sin embargo, las dimensiones y la robustez del hueso apuntan a un ejemplar bastante grande, quiz&aacute;s se trataba de un individuo en transici&oacute;n a la adultez ya que la ep&iacute;fisis se encuentra soldada al resto del hueso. Otra posibilidad, es que el hueso haya sido transportado y retrabajado previo a su sedimentaci&oacute;n definitiva y en el proceso perdi&oacute; los c&oacute;ndilos que suelen tener paredes &oacute;seas m&aacute;s delgadas y fr&aacute;giles incluso en ejemplares adultos. Aparte de la no preservaci&oacute;n de los c&oacute;ndilos el f&eacute;mur es indiferenciable del f&eacute;mur de otras especies del g&eacute;nero Pelecanus y difiere en forma y tama&ntilde;o de otras especies de aves marinas y acu&aacute;ticas con que se les compar&oacute; (ver <a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02a1.jpg">ap&eacute;ndice</a>). Otro detalle interesante de este fragmento de hueso es el ser ligeramente m&aacute;s robusto si se le compara con su hom&oacute;logo del esp&eacute;cimen actual de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus occidentalis</span> con el que se compar&oacute; (<a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i2.jpg">Fig. 2</a>.1a-b), pero calza muy bien con el ejemplar de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus erythrorhyncos</span> ilustrado por Gilbert et al. (1996) en la figura 65.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><br  style="font-weight: bold;"> <font style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2">Distribuci&oacute;n paleogeogr&aacute;fica</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">El registro f&oacute;sil m&aacute;s antiguo del g&eacute;nero Pelecanus, especie indeterminada data del Oligoceno Temprano (Rupeliano, de 33,0 a 28,25 Ma) del sureste de Francia (Louchart et al., 2010) y procede de sedimentos depositados en un &#8220;lagoon&#8221; dulceacu&iacute;cola o ligeramente salobre, costero, de clima tropical a subtropical en el que tambi&eacute;n se registraron trogones, grullas y colibr&iacute;es entre otras aves (Louchart et al., 2008). Le sigue el registro de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus tirarensis</span> del Oligoceno Superior- Mioceno Medio de Lake Pinpa, Australia (Miller, 1966; Rich &amp; van Tets, 1981); <span style="font-style: italic;">Miopelecanus gracilis</span> Milne-Edwards, 1867 del Mioceno temprano de Francia (Cheneval, 1984), <span  style="font-style: italic;">Miopelecanus intermedius</span> (Frass, 1870) un probable sin&oacute;nimo de la especie francesa y <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus fraasi</span> Lyddeker, 1891 ambas del Mioceno Medio de Lierheim, N&ouml;rdlingen, Alemania (Ml&iacute;skovsk&yacute;, 1992) y <span  style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus sivalensis</span> Davies, 1880 del Mioceno Superior del norte de Pakist&aacute;n (Brodkorb, 1963; Dyke &amp; Walker, 2008).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">A partir del Mioceno Superior el registro f&oacute;sil de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus</span> spp. se vuelve cada vez m&aacute;s com&uacute;n y cosmopolita.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">En el continente Americano, el g&eacute;nero Pelecanus se ha registrado en el Plioceno de Oreg&oacute;n (Miller, 1944), Plioceno Inferior de Idaho (Wetmore, 1933; Brodkorb, 1963), La Florida y North Carolina (Olson, 1999), Blancano-Irvingtoniano del sur de California (Cassiliano, 1999), Pleistoceno de Oklahoma (Mengel, 1952), Pleistoceno tard&iacute;o de Kansas (Stettenheim, 1958), todos en Estados Unidos. Tambi&eacute;n, ha sido registrado en el Pleistoceno tard&iacute;o del noreste del Estado de Sonora, M&eacute;xico (Mead et al., 2006; Steadman &amp; Mead, 2010).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">A diferencia de los relativamente abundantes registros f&oacute;siles de Am&eacute;rica del Norte, los registros de la familia Pelecanidae en Am&eacute;rica del Sur son muy raros y se limitan al hallazgo de un Pelecanidae indeterminado en la Formaci&oacute;n Pisco de edad Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Superior (15-2 Ma) (Stucchi &amp; Urbina, 2005) y al registro de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus</span> sp. procedente de la localidad paleoindia de Quebrada Tacahuay del Pleistoceno tard&iacute;o cuspidal (deFrance &amp; Urime, 2004), ambas de Per&uacute;.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Por otra parte, no existe ning&uacute;n registro f&oacute;sil de la familia Pelecanidae o del g&eacute;nero Pelecanus para el Caribe a excepci&oacute;n del presente hallazgo.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br> Orden ODONTOPTERYGIFORMES Howard, 1957</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Suborden ODONTOPTERYGIA Spulski, 1910</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br>     <br> Familia PELAGORNITHIDAE F&uuml;rbringer, 1888</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">&nbsp;</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">La familia Pelagornithidae ha sido tradicionalmente emparentada de manera muy cercana con los Pelecaniformes y en menor grado con los Procellariiformes (Olson, 1985; Warheit, 2001). Sin embargo, Smith (2010) de acuerdo a recientes an&aacute;lisis filogen&eacute;ticos, concluye que los Pelagornithidae no pertenecen a las Neoaves; Bourdon (2005) por su parte, concluye que muy probablemente los Pelagornithidae pertenezcan al Orden Odontopterygiformes que ella considera es monofil&eacute;tico, adem&aacute;s de ser el grupo hermano de los Anseriformes e incluye a ambos dentro del clado Odontoansere. Sin embargo, Mayr (2011), con base en un an&aacute;lisis clad&iacute;stico ampliado, llega a la conclusi&oacute;n de que los Pelagornithidae junto con los Sylviornithidae y Dromornithidae, son el grupo hermano del clado Galloansere, es decir, son m&aacute;s cercanos a los Galliformes que a los Anseriformes, de all&iacute; que su ubicaci&oacute;n taxon&oacute;mica a&uacute;n no est&aacute; del todo clara.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br> Gen. et sp. indet.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Material: CFM-1086, fragmento proximal de ulna izquierda (<a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i2.jpg">Figs. 2</a>.4a-c).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Descripci&oacute;n y discusi&oacute;n: fragmento proximal de ulna con la punta del olecranon y la superficie del cotylo dorsalis rotos. El cotylo ventralis es muy amplio y sub-circular en tanto el cotylo dorsalis est&aacute; roto y su contorno real es dif&iacute;cil de determinar.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Dimensiones: la diagonal mayor del extremo caudal del olecranon al borde craneal del cotylo dorsalis mide 35,39 mm (rota) y la anchura m&aacute;xima del extremo proximal mide 28,46 mm.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">El fragmento proximal de ulna es notablemente grande, casi duplica en &aacute;rea al extremo proximal de una ulna de <span  style="font-style: italic;">Jabiru nycteria</span> actual (<a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i2.jpg">Fig. 2</a>.3) cuya envergadura alar alcanza los 2,5 m. Ello nos permite deducir que el ave a la que perteneci&oacute; la ulna f&oacute;sil fue un individuo notablemente grande. Al comparar la forma y tama&ntilde;o de la ulna, &eacute;sta es muy similar a la del Pelagornithidae ilustrada por Goedert (1989) en la <a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n49/a02i2.jpg">figura 2</a>.3 y en general cae en el rango menor de las pocas ulnas de Pelagornithidae ilustradas en la literatura paleontol&oacute;gica; p.e. ver el ejemplar ilustrado por Ch&aacute;vez et al. (2007) en la figura 4d con dimensiones similares y en contraposici&oacute;n los ejemplar ilustrado por Mayr &amp; Zvonov (2012) en la figura 3H con tama&ntilde;o que duplica el ejemplar del presente art&iacute;culo.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2">Distribuci&oacute;n paleogeogr&aacute;fica</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Los Pelagornithidae han sido hallados en todos los continentes, a excepci&oacute;n de Australia aunque si se han registrado en Nueva Zelanda, en sedimentos que datan del Paleoceno tard&iacute;o hasta el Plioceno tard&iacute;o (Olson, 1985; Bourdon et al., 2010; Mayr, 2011).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">En Norteam&eacute;rica los registros de Pelagornithidae inician en el Eoceno tard&iacute;o de Oreg&oacute;n (Goedert, 1989), Oligoceno tard&iacute;o- Mioceno Inferior de las Formaciones Hawthorne y Ashley en South Carolina, Mioceno Medio de la Formaci&oacute;n Calvert en Maryland y Virginia, Plioceno Inferior de Lee Creek Mine en North Carolina, todos en la costa este de Estados Unidos (Olson, 1985).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">En la costa oeste de Norteam&eacute;rica se han registrado en el Mioceno temprano de la Columbia Brit&aacute;nica en Canad&aacute; (Wetmore, 1928); Mioceno Medio de Oreg&oacute;n y Mioceno Superior de California en Estados Unidos (Olson, 1985). En M&eacute;xico, la Familia Pelagornithidae ha sido registrada en el Eoceno Medio de la Formaci&oacute;n Tepetape, en Baja California Sur (Gonz&aacute;lez-Barba et al., 2002).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">En Am&eacute;rica del Sur los Pelagornithidae han sido registrados en Per&uacute; en la Formaci&oacute;n Pisco del Mioceno Medio-Plioceno temprano (Muizon &amp; DeVries, 1985) donde Ch&aacute;vez et al. (2007) describen <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelagornis</span> sp.; en Chile en la Formaci&oacute;n Bah&iacute;a Inglesa del Mioceno Medio- Plioceno temprano, Walsh &amp; Hume (2001) registran Pelagornithidae indet., Ch&aacute;vez et al. (2007) describen un Pelagornithidae indet. cf. <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelagornis</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelagornis</span> sp., por su parte Mayr &amp; Rubilar-Rogers (2010) describen la especie nueva <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelagornis chilensis</span>. En Venezuela, Rinc&oacute;n &amp; Stucchi (2003) dan a conocer un Pelagornithidae indet. procedente de la Formaci&oacute;n Capadare del Mioceno Medio del Estado de Falc&oacute;n.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Aparte de los hallazgos suramericanos, cabe destacar el registro de un Pelagornithidae indet. en la Ant&aacute;rtida, procedente de la Formaci&oacute;n La Meseta del Eoceno-Oligoceno temprano de la isla Vicecomodoro Marambio (Tonni, 1980; Tonni &amp; Tambussi, 1985).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Paleoecolog&iacute;a</span></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Los f&oacute;siles de aves marinas son precisos indicadores paleoambientales y sus restos normalmente son hallados en sedimentos marinos (Warheit, 1992), en el presente caso dicha condici&oacute;n es validada tanto por el contexto sedimentol&oacute;gico sublitoral, cuyo ambiente de depositaci&oacute;n ha sido interpretado como el de un humedal tropical tipo estuario costero, como por el registro paleovertebradol&oacute;gico de cet&aacute;ceos odontocetos, tortugas, cocodrilos, tiburones y rayas (Valerio, 2010; Valerio &amp; Laurito, 2012; Laurito &amp; Valerio, 2008; Laurito et al., 2005).</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Edad</span></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">&nbsp;</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">La edad asignada a la presente asociaci&oacute;n de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pelecanus</span> sp. y Pelagornithidae indeterminado es Mioceno Superior, Hemphilliano temprano (Hh1-Hh2) con base en la fauna f&oacute;sil de caballos con la que se encontr&oacute; asociado, a saber las especies <span  style="font-style: italic;">Dinohippus mexicanus</span> (Lance, 1950), <span style="font-style: italic;">Protohippus gidleyi</span> Hulbert, 1988 y <span style="font-style: italic;">Calippus hondurensis</span> (Olson &amp; McGrew, 1941) (Valerio, 2010; Laurito &amp; Valerio, 2010) y los Xenarthra, Pampatheriidae, <span  style="font-style: italic;">Scirrohterium</span> sp. y el Megalonychidae, <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span> cf. <span style="font-style: italic;">protistus</span> (Laurito &amp; Valerio, 2012a, 2012b).</font>    <br> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Referencias bibliogr&aacute;ficas</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br>     <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: left;"><font style="font-family: Verdana;"  size="2">BOURDON, E., 2005: Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes).- Naturwissenschaften, 92: 586&#8211;591.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009412&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">BOURDON, E., AMAGHZAZ, M. &amp; BOUYA, B., 2010: Pseudotoothed birds (Aves, Odontopterygiformes) from the early Tertiary of Morocco.- Amer. Mus. Novitates, 3704: 1&#8211;71.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009415&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">BRODKORB, P., 1963: Catalogue of fossil birds. Part.1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes).- Bull. Florida State Mus. 7 179-293.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009418&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">CASSILIANO, M.L., 1999: Biostratigraphy of Blancan and Irvingtonian Mammals in the Fish Creek-Vallecito Creek Section, Southern California, and a Review of the Blancan-Irvingtonian Boundary.- J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 19(1): 169-186.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009421&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">GONZ&Aacute;LEZ-BARBA, G., SCHWENNICKE, T., GOEDERT, J.L. &amp; BARNES, L.G., 2002: Earliest Pacific basin record of the Pelagornithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes).- J. Vertebrate Paleontol. 22(3): 722-725.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009445&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">LAURITO, C. &amp; VALERIO, A., 2008: Ictiofauna de la localidad de San Gerardo de Limoncito, Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, Mioceno Superior, cant&oacute;n de Coto Brus, provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 39: 65-85.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009448&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">LAURITO, C. &amp; VALERIO, A., 2010: Los caballos f&oacute;siles de la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, cant&oacute;n de Coto Brus, Costa Rica.- 131 p&aacute;gs. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, San Jos&eacute;    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009451&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref -->.</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">WETMORE, A., 1928: The systematic position of the fossil bird Cyphornis magnus.- Canadian Department of Mines Geol. Surv. Bull. 49: 1-4.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009534&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"></font>    <!-- ref --><br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">WETMORE, A., 1933: Pliocene bird remains from Idaho.- Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 87(20): 1-12.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1009537&pid=S0256-7024201300020000200043&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font>    <br> </div>     <br> <small><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a name="Correspondencia1"></a><a  href="#Correspondencia2">*</a>Correspondencia a:    <br> </span></small><font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Ana L. Valerio: </font><font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Apdo. 749-1000, San Jos&eacute;, avalerio@museocostarica.go.cr</font><font  style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2">    <br> C&eacute;sar A. Laurito: </font><font style="font-family: Verdana;"  size="2">INA, Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. Investigador Asociado-Departamento de Historia Natural,Museo Nacional de Costa Rica    <br> </font><font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><a name="1"></a><a  href="#3">1</a>.Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Apdo. 749-1000, San Jos&eacute;, avalerio@museocostarica.go.cr</font>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <font style="font-family: Verdana;" size="2"><a name="2"></a><a  href="#4">2</a>.INA, Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. Investigador Asociado-Departamento de Historia Natural,Museo Nacional de Costa Rica</font>    <br> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font  style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2">Recibido: 01/04//2013 ; Aceptado: 26/11/2013 </font></div> </div>      ]]></body><back>
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