<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0256-7024</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geológica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0256-7024</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0256-70242012000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Paleobiogeografía del arribo de mamíferos suramericanos al sur de América Central de previo al gran intercambio biótico americano: un vistazo al GABI en América Central]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Paleobiogeography of the arrival of south american mammals to southern Central America prior to the great american biotic interchange: a look at the GABI in Central America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César A]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valerio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana L]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Museo Nacional de Costa Rica Departamento de Historia Natural ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>San José</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Autor para contacto  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>46</numero>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>144</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0256-70242012000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-70242012000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0256-70242012000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In reference to the discovery of new fossil xenarthrans that was made in the Curré Formation, a paleobiogeographical analysis of the early Hemphillian age vertebrates will be made for the fossiliferous location of San Gerardo de Limoncito in southern Costa Rica. This vertebrate locality has a mixture is mainly formed by vertebrates from the Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions and it records the early arrival of South American mammals to the Southern Central America region, not known until now. The arrival of South American mammals to the Panama Region was due to a series of factors such as the development of the Costa Rica-Panamá Island Arc by subduction processes, the collision and the deformation of the Island Arc with the North-Western Colombia territories and the prevailing climate factors which stimulated the predominance of warm, humid and basal forests, both in Colombia and in southern Central America. This permitted the xenarthrans, which are considered strong swimmers and islands hoppers to migrate to the North. These conditions on the other hand, limited the migration to the South of the North American mammals, whose arrival in South America was postponed until the Blancan age with drier climatic conditions and the new land corridor that was established in the region. Additionally, the current state of the Great American Biotic Interchange in Central America (GABI) is analyzed]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[A la luz de los nuevos registros fósiles de xenarthras en la Formación Curré, se realiza un análisis paleobiogeográfico de la fauna de vertebrados de la localidad fosilífera de San Gerardo de Limoncito en el sur de Costa Rica de edad Hemphilliano temprano. Esta asociación faunística se caracteriza por la mezcla de vertebrados de origen Paleártico, Neártico y Neotropical, a la vez que registra el arribo más temprano, hasta ahora conocido, de mamíferos suramericanos al sur de América Central. La llegada de mamíferos suramericanos al Istmo de Panamá se debió al acortamiento de los pasos oceánicos entre las islas, producto de la subducción normal asociada al Arco de Islas, el rápido levantamiento que experimentó el sur de América Central debido a la colisión del sur del Arco de Islas Costa Rica-Panamá con el noroeste de Colombia y por los elementos climáticos prevalecientes en esa época, que favorecieron el predominio de bosques húmedos, cálidos y basales tanto en el noroeste de Colombia como en el sur de América Central, lo que permitió a los xenarthras, considerados fuertes nadadores y saltadores de islas migrar al norte. Estas condiciones climáticas por el contrario, limitaron la migración al sur de los mamíferos norteamericanos, cuyo arribo a América del Sur se postergó hasta el Blancano con la aparición de condiciones más secas y el establecimiento de un corredor terrestre continuo. Adicionalmente se analiza el estado actual del Gran Intercambio Biótico entre las Américas en América Central.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Early Hemphillian]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[herald mammals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[xenarthrans]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pliometanastes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scirrotherium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trionychidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GABI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hemphilliano temprano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Central]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mamíferos heraldos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pliometanastes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Scirrotherium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trionychidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[GABI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Central]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Paleobiogeograf&iacute;a del arribo de mam&iacute;feros suramericanos al sur de Am&eacute;rica Central de previo al gran intercambio bi&oacute;tico americano: un vistazo al GABI en Am&eacute;rica Central</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Paleobiogeography of the arrival of south american mammals to southern Central America prior to the great american biotic interchange: a look at the GABI in Central America</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">C&eacute;sar A. Laurito<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a  name="3"></a>*&amp; <a href="#2">2</a><a name="4"></a>*</sup> &amp; Ana L. Valerio<a href="#2"><sup>2</sup></a></span></font><sup><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </sup></div> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br> <a name="Correspondencia2"></a>*<a href="#Correspondencia1">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia:</a><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Abstract    <br> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In reference to the discovery of new fossil xenarthrans that was made in the Curr&eacute; Formation, a paleobiogeographical analysis of the early Hemphillian age vertebrates will be made for the fossiliferous location of San Gerardo de Limoncito in southern Costa Rica. This vertebrate locality has a mixture is mainly formed by vertebrates from the Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions and it records the early arrival of South American mammals to the Southern Central America region, not known until now. The arrival of South American mammals to the Panama Region was due to a series of factors such as the development of the Costa Rica-Panam&aacute; Island Arc by subduction processes, the collision and the deformation of the Island Arc with the North-Western Colombia territories and the prevailing climate factors which stimulated the predominance of warm, humid and basal forests, both in Colombia and in southern Central America. This permitted the xenarthrans, which are considered strong swimmers and islands hoppers to migrate to the North. These conditions on the other hand, limited the migration to the South of the North American mammals, whose arrival in South America was postponed until the Blancan age with drier climatic conditions and the new land corridor that was established in the region. Additionally, the current state of the Great American Biotic Interchange in Central America (GABI) is analyzed</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">key words:&nbsp;</span> Early&nbsp; Hemphillian,&nbsp; Central America,&nbsp; herald&nbsp; mammals,&nbsp; xenarthrans,&nbsp; <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>,&nbsp; <span style="font-style: italic;">Scirrotherium</span>, Trionychidae, GABI, Costa Rica, Central America.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;">     <br> <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Resumen</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A la luz de los nuevos registros f&oacute;siles de xenarthras en la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, se realiza un an&aacute;lisis paleobiogeogr&aacute;fico de la fauna de vertebrados de la localidad fosil&iacute;fera de San Gerardo de Limoncito en el sur de Costa Rica de edad Hemphilliano temprano. Esta asociaci&oacute;n faun&iacute;stica se caracteriza por la mezcla de vertebrados de origen Pale&aacute;rtico, Ne&aacute;rtico y Neotropical, a la vez que registra el arribo m&aacute;s temprano, hasta ahora conocido, de mam&iacute;feros suramericanos al sur de Am&eacute;rica Central. La llegada de mam&iacute;feros suramericanos al Istmo de Panam&aacute; se debi&oacute; al acortamiento de los pasos oce&aacute;nicos entre las islas, producto de la subducci&oacute;n normal asociada al Arco de Islas, el r&aacute;pido levantamiento que experiment&oacute; el sur de Am&eacute;rica Central debido a la colisi&oacute;n del sur del Arco de Islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute; con el noroeste de Colombia y por los elementos clim&aacute;ticos prevalecientes en esa &eacute;poca, que favorecieron el predominio de bosques h&uacute;medos, c&aacute;lidos y basales tanto en el noroeste de Colombia como en el sur de Am&eacute;rica Central, lo que permiti&oacute; a los xenarthras, considerados fuertes nadadores y saltadores de islas migrar al norte. Estas condiciones clim&aacute;ticas por el contrario, limitaron la migraci&oacute;n al sur de los mam&iacute;feros norteamericanos, cuyo arribo a Am&eacute;rica del Sur se posterg&oacute; hasta el Blancano con la aparici&oacute;n de condiciones m&aacute;s secas y el establecimiento de un corredor terrestre continuo. Adicionalmente se analiza el estado actual del Gran Intercambio Bi&oacute;tico entre las Am&eacute;ricas en Am&eacute;rica Central.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Palabras&nbsp; clave:</span>&nbsp; Hemphilliano&nbsp; temprano, Am&eacute;rica&nbsp; Central,&nbsp; mam&iacute;feros&nbsp; heraldos,&nbsp; <span  style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>,&nbsp; <span style="font-style: italic;">Scirrotherium</span>, Trionychidae, GABI, Costa Rica, Am&eacute;rica Central.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;">     <br> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Antecedentes</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Siempre se tuvo la idea de que para comprender la importancia de los xenarthras en el intercambio faun&iacute;stico entre las Am&eacute;ricas y su patr&oacute;n de distribuci&oacute;n, era necesario realizar trabajo de campo en Am&eacute;rica Central a fin de buscar evidencia que aclare su ecolog&iacute;a (McDonald, 2005).</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Junto con los restos de gomphotherios, tayassuidos, camellos, caballos y reptiles encontrados en la localidad de San Gerardo de Limoncito, se recuperaron restos de Pampatheriidae, Megalonychidae, Megatheriidae y Mylodontidae; &eacute;ste conjunto de xenarthras representan el &#8220;stock&#8221; m&aacute;s temprano de inmigrantes sudamericanos hallado en Am&eacute;rica Central y esta localidad es hasta el momento, la localidad fosil&iacute;fera continental con la evidencia m&aacute;s temprana Pre Gran Intercambio&nbsp; Bi&oacute;tico&nbsp; entre las Am&eacute;ricas&nbsp; v&iacute;a&nbsp; el Istmo de Panam&aacute;.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hasta ahora todas las faunas del Mioceno de Mesoam&eacute;rica mostraban una estricta afinidad norteamericana (Ferrusqu&iacute;a-Villafranca, 2003), la fauna de San Gerardo de &nbsp;</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Limoncito viene a cambiar de manera radical esta situaci&oacute;n y para comprender la importancia que juega dicha fauna en el Intercambio Bi&oacute;tico entre las Am&eacute;ricas, es necesario entender los escenarios paleogeogr&aacute;ficos y las sucesiones faun&iacute;sticas de vertebrados del Mioceno de Am&eacute;rica Central, teniendo como contexto a algunas localidades fosil&iacute;feras de Sur y Norte Am&eacute;rica.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recientemente Coates <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2004), han dilucidado parte del rompecabezas del desarrollo paleogeogr&aacute;fico del sur del Istmo de Panam&aacute;, fundamentados en el an&aacute;lisis de la historia sedimentaria, las sucesiones faun&iacute;sticas de foramin&iacute;feros y otros invertebrados marinos, y los eventos tect&oacute;nicos relacionados con el arribo y choque del Arco de Islas de Am&eacute;rica Central Meridional con la Placa Suramericana. Dichos autores reconocen 3 &eacute;pocas claves en el desarrollo de la historia geol&oacute;gica de Am&eacute;rica Central Meridional (<a  href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02i1.jpg">Fig. 1</a>), identificadas como de Pre-colisi&oacute;n (Cret&aacute;cico Superior, desde el inicio de la formaci&oacute;n del Arco de Islas hasta el Mioceno Medio temprano, &gt; 14,8 Ma), Colisi&oacute;n temprana o Syn-colisi&oacute;n (Mioceno Medio temprano hasta el Mioceno tard&iacute;o, &lt;14,8 Ma a 7,1 Ma) y Post-colisi&oacute;n (Mioceno tard&iacute;o en adelante, &lt; 7,1 Ma). A cada una de esas &eacute;pocas de desarrollo paleogeogr&aacute;fico del Arco de Islas es posible asociarlas a un escenario paleobiogeogr&aacute;fico determinado, fundamentados en la faunas de tetr&aacute;podos terrestres e incluso es posible establecer una &eacute;poca correspondiente con el inicio del establecimiento del corredor biol&oacute;gico interamericano de previo al GABI (&lt; 4,8 &#8211; 4,5 Ma) de acuerdo con la sucesi&oacute;n de las faunas tempranas registradas en el Valle de M&eacute;xico (CarranzaCasta&ntilde;eda &amp; Miller, 2004).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><br style="font-family: verdana;">     </div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Escenario faun&iacute;stico de     pre-colisi&oacute;n &gt; 14,8 ma</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">No hay registro de     vertebrados     f&oacute;siles continentales en Am&eacute;rica Central Meridional     para el Pale&oacute;geno, ni de previo al oligoceno tard&iacute;o. Sin     embargo, cuando analizamos el Bloque Chortis, merece la pena     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[se&ntilde;alar la presencia de dinosaurios ornit&oacute;podos en el     Cret&aacute;cico Medio de Honduras (Horne, 1994), que es muy anterior     incluso al inicio de la formaci&oacute;n del Arco de Islas Costa     Rica&#8211;Panam&aacute;. Su ubicaci&oacute;n en Am&eacute;rica Central se     debi&oacute; a la deriva del bloque Chortis que se desprendi&oacute;     de la Placa Norteamericana.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Otro registro     f&oacute;sil     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[importante lo es el hallazgo del Rhinocerotoidea <span      style="font-style: italic;">Hyrachyus</span> sp. en el     Eoceno temprano&nbsp; tard&iacute;o&nbsp; o&nbsp; medio&nbsp;     temprano&nbsp; de&nbsp; Jamaica (Domning <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 1997); lo que sugiere     una conexi&oacute;n terrestre dentro del Bloque Chortis, entre     Jamaica y Am&eacute;rica Central nuclear, que permiti&oacute; la     colonizaci&oacute;n de la isla por estos rinocerontes,     conexi&oacute;n que empez&oacute; a desaparecer con la progresiva     inundaci&oacute;n del levantamiento de Nicaragua durante el Eoceno     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[temprano o medio (Robinson, 1988).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lucas (com. esc.,     2012) comenta que     &#8220;&eacute;l duda que los rinocerontes fueran muy diversos y abundantes     en esa &eacute;poca y que no alcanzaron Am&eacute;rica Central hasta el     Mioceno Medio, de acuerdo al registro de Panam&aacute;&#8221;. Sin embargo,     nuestro&nbsp; criterio&nbsp; es&nbsp; que&nbsp;     independientemente&nbsp; de que los rinocerontes fueran muy diversos o     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[abundantes en el Eoceno, se debe tomar en cuenta que el&nbsp;     Bloque&nbsp; Chortis&nbsp; conform&oacute;&nbsp; un&nbsp; terreno&nbsp;     emergido continuo que conect&oacute; el Bloque Maya con Jamaica a     trav&eacute;s del Levantamiento de Nicaragua en el Eoceno temprano y     medio, y ello lo confirman diversos autores, entre ellos Pindell     (1994), Iturralde-Vinnent &amp; MacPhee (1999) e incluso en los modelos     m&aacute;s viejos como el de Sykes <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span> (1982), ya se visualizaba     este tipo de conexi&oacute;n y ello explicar&iacute;a eventualmente la     dispersi&oacute;n vicariante del g&eacute;nero <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Hyrachyus</span> en Jamaica.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Es importante     destacar que para     este periodo y tan pronto como en el oligoceno tard&iacute;o y el     Mioceno temprano, hace alrededor de 17,5-18,5 Ma,&nbsp; los&nbsp;     xenarthras&nbsp; suramericanos&nbsp; colonizaron las islas de Puerto     Rico y Cuba, ello representa el ingreso m&aacute;s temprano de fauna     suramericana en el Caribe (MacPhee &amp; Iturralde-Vinnent, 1994, 1995;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[MacPhee, 2005). Recientemente, se ha dado a conocer el hallazgo del     gavial <span style="font-style: italic;">Aktiogavialis puertoricensis</span>     en el oligoceno&nbsp; de Puerto     Rico por V&eacute;lez-Juarbe <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2007) y no hay duda que esta     especie deriv&oacute; de los gaviales gryposuchinos suramericanos, su     arribo a las Antillas Mayores sugiere alg&uacute;n grado de tolerancia     al agua salada.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Por otro lado, solo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[se han     identificado en el sur de Am&eacute;rica Central tres localidades     fosil&iacute;feras portadoras de mam&iacute;feros terrestres, la fauna     de Las Cascadas en la formaci&oacute;n del mismo nombre y de edad     oligoceno tard&iacute;o-Mioceno temprano y las localidades de     Centenario y Gaillard Cut, pertenecientes a la Formaci&oacute;n La     Cucaracha de edad Mioceno Medio, todas afloran en la Zona del Canal de     Panam&aacute; y son consideradas las faunas con registro de vertebrados     terrestres m&aacute;s antiguas de Am&eacute;rica Central.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dichas faunas se     caracterizan por     elementos de estricto abolengo norteamericano (<span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Reig, 1981), en     general son formas del centro de M&eacute;xico, las planicies costeras     del Golfo de M&eacute;xico, Florida, Dakota, Colorado, Maryland y     California.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La&nbsp; fauna&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de&nbsp;     la&nbsp; Formaci&oacute;n&nbsp; Las&nbsp; Cascadas es notable por el     registro de los Camelidae <span style="font-style: italic;">Aguascalientia     panamaensis</span> Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span>, 2012 y <span style="font-style: italic;">Aguascalientia     minuta</span> Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2012 de edad     NALMA Arikareeano tard&iacute;o de acuerdo con Rinc&oacute;n <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2012).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Entre los     f&oacute;siles de la     Formaci&oacute;n La Cucaracha se hallan restos de Rodentia con la     especie <span style="font-style: italic;">Texomys stewarti</span> cf.     Slaughter, 1981; Carnivora (Canidae y     Amphicyonidae), Artiodactyla (Tayassuidae, oreodontidae y     Protoceratidae) y Perissodactyla (Equidae y Rhinocerotidae) cf.     MacFadden (2006), MacFadden <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2010). Tambi&eacute;n cuenta con un     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[registro importante de tortugas f&oacute;siles, destacando los     g&eacute;neros <span style="font-style: italic;">Rhinoclemmys</span>, <span      style="font-style: italic;">Geochelone, Staurotypus y Trionychidae</span>     indeterminado (Cadena, 2009; Cadena <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span>, 2012).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La edad Nalma de la     fauna de     Centenario, de la cual se recuperaron &uacute;nicamente dos especies de     Tayassuidae <span style="font-style: italic;">&#8216;&#8216;Cynorca&#8217;&#8217;occidentale</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[junto con otro Tayassuidae     indeterminado, es Hemingfordiano temprano (He1) a Barstoviano temprano     (Ba1) y la de Gaillard Cut es Arikareeano tard&iacute;o (Ar4) &#8211;     Barstoviano temprano (Ba1), ninguna cuenta con elementos de origen     sudamericano (Cuadro 1) (MacFadden, 2006; MacFadden <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2010).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La naturaleza y el     gran porte de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[los mam&iacute;feros de esta fauna (a excepci&oacute;n del roedor)     as&iacute; como los g&eacute;neros de tortuga representados, confirma     que son formas estrictamente continentales y que su dispersi&oacute;n     tan al sur como la Zona del Canal de Panam&aacute; solo fue posible     mediante la existencia de un territorio peninsular (Kirby &amp;     MacFadden, 2005), es decir, el Arco de Islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute;     conformaba una pen&iacute;nsula unida al bloque Chortis y este se     conectaba a su vez con la placa Norteamericana.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En este mismo     periodo de     Pre-colisi&oacute;n, se tiene la evidencia m&aacute;s temprana del     arribo de un elemento norte&ntilde;o en Am&eacute;rica del Sur, el     hallazgo se ubica en Venezuela en el estado de Lara, en la localidad     fosil&iacute;fera de Cerro La Cruz en la Formaci&oacute;n Castillo de     edad Mioceno Inferior (23,0 a 16,0 Ma). Se trata de la tortuga de     caparaz&oacute;n blando <span style="font-style: italic;">Apalone</span>     sp. (S&aacute;nchez-Villagra <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2004) que es contempor&aacute;neo con el registro paname&ntilde;o de un     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Trionychidae indeterminado muy similar a <span      style="font-style: italic;">Apalone</span> (Cadena, 2009; Cadena     <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2012).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La ruta de     dispersi&oacute;n de los     Trionychidae en general es bastante incierta y algunos autores han     asumido una posible migraci&oacute;n desde la pen&iacute;nsula de La     Florida al norte de Sudam&eacute;rica v&iacute;a las Antillas Mayores y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Menores (Pritchard, 1984; Head <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2006). Pero, desde un inicio     Wood &amp; Paterson (1973), sugirieron Am&eacute;rica Central como la     ruta de dispersi&oacute;n m&aacute;s probable, ya que no hay     evidencia de dispersi&oacute;n alguna v&iacute;a las Antillas; ello     se vino a confirmar con los registros f&oacute;siles de Trionychidae en     el Mioceno Inferior de Panam&aacute; (Cadena, 2009; Cadena <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2012) y el Mioceno Superior (Hemphilliano Temprano, Hh1-Hh2) de Costa     Rica (Laurito <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2005a).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La&nbsp;&nbsp;     anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;     evidencia,&nbsp;&nbsp; a&nbsp;&nbsp; excepci&oacute;n&nbsp;&nbsp; del     Trionychidae, confirma que al menos entre los 20,0 y 14,0 Ma, el     territorio emergido m&aacute;s austral del istmo de Panam&aacute;,     constitu&iacute;a una pen&iacute;nsula (Kirby &amp; MacFadden, 2005)     que se encontraba bastante lejos del noroeste continental de     Am&eacute;rica del Sur, separada por un canal interoce&aacute;nico     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[profundo denominado Estrecho de Bol&iacute;var (<span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Withmore &amp;     Stewart, 1965), de all&iacute; que el hallazgo suramericano del     Trionychidae <span style="font-style: italic;">Apalone</span>, sugiere     alg&uacute;n grado de tolerancia al     agua salada por parte de las tortugas de caparaz&oacute;n blando.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Escenario de syn-colisi&oacute;n o     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[colisi&oacute;n temprana &lt;14,8 ma a 7,1 ma</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Durante esta etapa     de     colisi&oacute;n temprana cabe destacar el continuo registro de     Trionychidae suramericanos procedentes de la formaciones urumaco de     edad Mioceno tard&iacute;o (Wood &amp; Paterson, 1973) y Cubagu&aacute;     del Mioceno tard&iacute;o y Plioceno temprano de la isla Margarita     (Head <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2006), ambas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[localidades de Venezuela Aunque los     Trionychidae actuales presentan intolerancia a los ambientes marinos     y son eminentemente dulceacu&iacute;colas, por lo que se asume que     tuvieron una capacidad de dispersi&oacute;n restringida en estos     ambientes, la evidencia f&oacute;sil indica que de una u otra manera     los Trionychidae&nbsp; mioc&eacute;nicos&nbsp; fueron&nbsp;     tolerantes&nbsp; a los ambientes marinos por el tipo de sedimento     donde se han hallado, un ejemplo de ello son los Trionychidae del     Mioceno tard&iacute;o de la Formaci&oacute;n urumaco en Venezuela,     todos hallados en dep&oacute;sitos costeros (Head <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 1999, 2006;     S&aacute;nchez-Villagra &amp; Scheyer, 2010), lo mismo sucede con el     ejemplar paname&ntilde;o asociado a ambientes delt&aacute;icos     (Cadena, 2009; Cadena <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2012) y el costarricense procedente de     la Fauna de San Gerardo de Limoncito de la Formaci&oacute;n     Curr&eacute; (Laurito et al., 2005a), ligeramente m&aacute;s     tard&iacute;o.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Fuera de los     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[reptiles, el     intercambio PreGABI est&aacute; marcado por el arribo temprano tanto     a Am&eacute;rica del Norte y del Sur de los primeros organismos     Heraldos. Fue David Webb (1976, 1985), qui&eacute;n propuso el     t&eacute;rmino &#8220;Heralds&#8221; o Heraldos en espa&ntilde;ol, para identificar     aquellos mam&iacute;feros precursores del Gran Intercambio     Bi&oacute;tico entre las Am&eacute;ricas, por comparaci&oacute;n con     aquellos hombres que portaban los estandartes de los ej&eacute;rcitos     durante las batallas y que normalmente marchaban delante de estos,     as&iacute; &eacute;l identifica a los mam&iacute;feros terrestres que     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[han cumplido con la condici&oacute;n de Heraldos Norte y Suramericanos.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Entre los Heraldos     del Norte se     encuentra el hallazgo m&aacute;s temprano de un probosc&iacute;deo     tretrabelodonto en Am&eacute;rica del Sur correspondiente a la     especie <span style="font-style: italic;">Amahuacatherium peruvium</span>     Romero-Pittman, 1996, un     Gomphotheriidae del Mioceno tard&iacute;o de la Amazonia peruana, su     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[edad radiom&eacute;trica de 9,0 Ma (Campbell <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2001), lo     convierte en el mastodonte tetrabelodonte m&aacute;s antiguo de     Am&eacute;rica del Sur, sin embargo existe reserva sobre la edad y     taxonom&iacute;a de este mastodonte, cuyos molares recuerdan m&aacute;s     a los mastodontes dibelodontes m&aacute;s tard&iacute;os, como     <span style="font-style: italic;">Stegomastodon</span> (= <span      style="font-style: italic;">Haplomastodon</span>), que a los     tetrabeledontes mioc&eacute;nicos de Am&eacute;rica del Norte (<a      href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02t1.gif">Cuadro     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[1</a>). Por ejemplo,     Ferretti (2008) argumenta que las &uacute;nicas caracter&iacute;sticas     de <span style="font-style: italic;">A. peruvium</span>     Romero-Pittman, n1996 que permitir&iacute;an la     distinci&oacute;n espec&iacute;fica ser&iacute;an las defensas     mandibulares y una muy baja mand&iacute;bula, pero el mismo autor,     considera que solo se trata de una mala interpretaci&oacute;n de     material muy fragmentado y Alberdi <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span> (2004) consideran que las     defensas inferiores no est&aacute;n del todo presentes en la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[mand&iacute;bula. Su edad sugiere una aproximaci&oacute;n     paleogeogr&aacute;fica entre el sur de Am&eacute;rica Central y el     norte de Am&eacute;rica del Sur. No hay duda que los mastodontes en     general fueron buenos saltadores de islas y sus parientes actuales los     elefantes se ha comprobado que son fuertes nadadores, con registros de     hasta 48 km de la costa en el oc&eacute;ano abierto (Johnson, 1980).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La edad del registro     f&oacute;sil     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de <span style="font-style: italic;">Amahuacatherium peruvium</span>     es casi 2,0 Ma m&aacute;s antiguo que el     rango de ingreso a Am&eacute;rica del Sur de otros mam&iacute;feros     inmigrantes norteamericanos como los Procyonidae del g&eacute;nero     Cyonasua, alrededor de los 7,0 a 7,5 Ma o edad Huayqueriano (<span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span>     Patterson &amp; Pascual, 1972).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En relaci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[con los     inmigrantes suramericanos m&aacute;s tempranos a Am&eacute;rica del     Norte, <span style="font-style: italic;">A. peruvium</span> muestra     contemporaneidad con los Xenarthra     <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>     (Megalonychidae) y Thinobadistes (Mylodontidae), ambos     entre 8,0-9,0 Ma&nbsp; (Hemphilliano&nbsp; temprano&nbsp; &#8211;Hh1),&nbsp;     hallados en la localidad fosil&iacute;fera de McGehee en la     pen&iacute;nsula de La Florida <span style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span>     Morgan (2005). Tambi&eacute;n, se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[han registrado en otras localidades de Estados unidos, <span      style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>     se registra en el Hemphilliano temprano de California de acuerdo con     Hirschfeld (1981), Hirschfeld &amp; Webb (1968), Webb (2006) y     Thinobadistes en Texas (Webb, 1989) con edades similares.     Recientemente, Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda &amp; Miller (2004) registran     el hallazgo de <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>     en el estado de Nuevo Le&oacute;n con una     edad de alrededor de 8,0 Ma y el registro costarricense de     <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span> cf. protistus     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de edad Hemphilliano temprano (Cuadro 1)     Normalmente se aceptaba que la migraci&oacute;n de estos Xenarthra a La     Florida sigui&oacute; una ruta de dispersi&oacute;n a trav&eacute;s de     las Antillas Menores y Mayores (Webb, 1985), ello parec&iacute;a     validarse por el notable registro de xenarthras f&oacute;siles en las     Antillas. De hecho los registros m&aacute;s antiguos de xenarthras en     las Antillas Mayores datan del oligoceno temprano de Puerto Rico y     Mioceno temprano de Cuba con alrededor de 17,5-18,5 Ma (cf. MacPhee     &amp; Iturralde-Vinnent, 1994; White &amp; MacPhee, 2001; MacPhee <span      style="font-style: italic;">et     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[al.</span>, 2003), se acepta que arribaron durante el oligoceno cuando     el     nivel del mar era extraordinariamente bajo y la configuraci&oacute;n     paleogeogr&aacute;fica de las Antillas Mayores permiti&oacute; la     conexi&oacute;n de estas con el levantamiento de Aves (Aves Ridge) y el     norte de Sudam&eacute;rica (MacPhee &amp; Iturralde-Vinnent, 1994,     1995; MacPhee, 2005). Pero no hay evidencia faun&iacute;stica de que     las Antillas en general hayan estado alguna vez conectadas con las     &aacute;reas continentales adyacentes en el Cenozoico mediante un     territorio emergido continuo (Patterson &amp; Pascual, 1968) y es claro     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[que la colonizaci&oacute;n de estas islas se dio por migraci&oacute;n     accidental (Simpson, 1956) de organismos saltadores de islas (Pascual,     2006). Adem&aacute;s, este hecho confirma que los perezosos se pudieron     dispersar a trav&eacute;s de amplias barreras acu&aacute;ticas y como     la misma Hirschfeld (1985) concluy&oacute;, la dispersi&oacute;n por el     Caribe de estos xenarthras los ubica como saltadores de islas, ya sea     como fuertes nadadores o por medio de balsas naturales (= funerales     vikingos).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hirschfeld (1981)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[hab&iacute;a     concluido que existen diferencias taxon&oacute;micas entre las formas     de las Antillas y las de Am&eacute;rica del Norte, de all&iacute; que     la ruta de dispersi&oacute;n de las formas norteamericanas fue     probablemente v&iacute;a Am&eacute;rica Central, misma     conclusi&oacute;n a la que llegaron Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda &amp;     Miller (2004). Ello fue demostrado por el registro de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes     cf. protistus</span> en el Hemphilliano temprano de Costa Rica.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Por otra parte, cabe     acotar en     relaci&oacute;n con los Procyonidae que no se han hallado     f&oacute;siles en las Antillas Mayores y que los Procyonidae que han     habitado las Antillas Menores, como la subespecie o especie <span      style="font-style: italic;">Procyon     gloveralleni</span>, fueron introducidos por los humanos cuando estos     arribaron a las islas (Helgen &amp; Wilson, 2003), lo que sugiere que     probablemente la ruta de dispersi&oacute;n de los primeros procyonidos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[a Am&eacute;rica del Sur fue v&iacute;a el Istmo de Panam&aacute;.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En Am&eacute;rica     Central     septentrional solo se registran 2 localidades fosil&iacute;feras     correspondientes a la &eacute;poca de colisi&oacute;n temprana del arco     de islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute;. Las localidades de Corinto en El     Salvador y el conjunto A&ntilde;o Nuevo, Rancho Lobo y Tepusuna o el     Mangual de la Formaci&oacute;n Gracias en Honduras que se caracterizan     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[por una fauna continental estrictamente norteamericana, sin&nbsp;     ning&uacute;n&nbsp; elemento&nbsp; de&nbsp; origen&nbsp; suramericano,     con edades del Mioceno Superior (<span style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span>     Webb &amp; Perrigo, 1984),     m&aacute;s estrictamente Clarendoniano tard&iacute;o a Hemphilliano     temprano entre 9,0-7,0 Ma por la asociaci&oacute;n de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Hipparion     plicatile</span> (Leidy), <span style="font-style: italic;">Cormohipparion     cf. occidentale y Calippus hondurensis</span> (olson &amp; McGrew,     1941) [Cl2 a Hh1], es decir, son     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ligeramente m&aacute;s viejas que la localidad fosil&iacute;fera de     San Gerardo de Limoncito en el sur de Costa Rica de edad Hemphilliano     temprano (Hh 1 Hh2) (Cuadro 1). A diferencia de las localidades de     Honduras y El Salvador, la localidad costarricense cuenta con el     registro tanto de elementos sudamericanos como norteamericanos.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Escenario faun&iacute;stico de     Post-colisi&oacute;n &lt;7,1 ma</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La fauna de San     Gerardo de     Limoncito de edad Hemphilliano temprano (8,5 a 6,5 Ma), se ubica en el     final del escenario de Syn-colisi&oacute;n y al inicio del escenario de     Post-colisi&oacute;n del sur del arco de islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute;     con el noroeste de Colombia y se enmarca justo en la &eacute;poca del     Pre-Gran Intercambio Bi&oacute;tico entre las Am&eacute;ricas o     Pre-GABI (Cuadro 1). La sedimentolog&iacute;a de esta localidad de la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, sugiere un r&aacute;pido levantamiento     del fondo oce&aacute;nico donde los sedimentos finos de la plataforma     interna del Mioceno Medio, luego de una disconformidad erosiva, gradan     r&aacute;pidamente a sedimentos de abanico deltaico subacu&aacute;tico     e infralitorales m&aacute;s gruesos del Mioceno     Superior, conglomerados finos y areniscas medias respectivamente.     Ello es coherente con el r&aacute;pido&nbsp; levantamiento&nbsp;     que&nbsp; experiment&oacute;&nbsp; el&nbsp; sur de Am&eacute;rica     Central, producto de la colisi&oacute;n del sur del Arco de Islas Costa     Rica -Panam&aacute; con el noroeste de Colombia (Kellogg &amp; Vega,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[1995), evento que qued&oacute; registrado en m&uacute;ltiples     formaciones&nbsp; sedimentarias&nbsp; del&nbsp; &aacute;rea&nbsp;     (Duque-Caro, 1990a, b), como una discordancia erosiva en las cuencas de     Chucunaque-Tuira y Sambu en la regi&oacute;n del Dari&eacute;n <span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span>     Coates <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2004). De     acuerdo con dichos autores la discordancia se     registr&oacute; como un hiato erosivo que abarc&oacute; entre 8,6 y     7,1 Ma.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La localidad de San     Gerardo, es la     &uacute;nica localidad del pa&iacute;s cuya fauna muestra una mezcla     de mam&iacute;feros acu&aacute;ticos y terrestres. Con respecto a los     mam&iacute;feros acu&aacute;ticos, destacan los cet&aacute;ceos de     agua dulce como el <span style="font-style: italic;">Iniidae     Goniodelphis</span> sp.&nbsp; y&nbsp; las&nbsp;     formas&nbsp; marinas&nbsp; como&nbsp; <span style="font-style: italic;">Hadrodelphis     sp</span>., <span style="font-style: italic;">Orycterocetus     sp. y Eurhinodelphis sp</span>. que denotan afinidades epicontinentales     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[paleocaribe&ntilde;as con la pen&iacute;nsula de Florida,     Atl&aacute;ntico Norte y Mediterr&aacute;neo (Valerio &amp; Laurito, en     prensa), en tanto que los mam&iacute;feros terrestres a&nbsp; su&nbsp;     vez&nbsp; constituyen&nbsp; una&nbsp; mezcla&nbsp; de&nbsp; ordenes de     abolengo Norteamericano y Suramericano (<a      href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>), siendo los     xenarthras el &uacute;nico orden suramericano, representado por 4     familias: Megalonychidae, Mylodontidae, Megatheriidae y Pampatheriidae     (<a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02i2.jpg">Fig. 2</a>). Tal     inmigraci&oacute;n sure&ntilde;a refuerza la idea de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[que los xenarthras fueron fuertes nadadores (De Muizon <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2004) y     saltadores de islas que superaron los pasos marinos del     archipi&eacute;lago del sur del istmo de Panam&aacute;. Al parecer este     archipi&eacute;lago fue un efectivo filtro para la mayor&iacute;a de     los mam&iacute;feros norteamericanos a excepci&oacute;n de los     Procyonidae, retardando su ingreso a Sudam&eacute;rica.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La &uacute;nica     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[posible     explicaci&oacute;n para la migraci&oacute;n adelantada por parte de     los xenarthras ser&iacute;a la adaptabilidad a las condiciones de vida     presentes en el archipi&eacute;lago que conformaba el Arco de Islas     Costa Rica-Panam&aacute;; constituidos b&aacute;sicamente por sabanas     arboladas y vegetaci&oacute;n mixta en una zona basal&nbsp;     relativamente&nbsp; c&aacute;lida&nbsp; y&nbsp; h&uacute;meda&nbsp;     (Valerio,&nbsp; 2010; Laurito &amp; Valerio, 2010). Una zona de vida     muy similar a la que se supone existi&oacute; en el centro de     Colombia durante el Mioceno Medio en la localidad de La Venta del Grupo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Honda (<a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02i1.jpg">Fig. 1</a>), con     predominio de tierras h&uacute;medas bajas y     tropicales (Kay &amp; Madden, 1997) y donde se registra tambi&eacute;n     el     g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Scirrotherium</span>.     En el caso de los Procyonidae, se asume     que su ventaja fue el ser organismos oportunistas altamente adaptables     a diferentes ambientes, no limitados por las condiciones     clim&aacute;ticas, ni de vegetaci&oacute;n.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Fuera de     Am&eacute;rica Central es     importante mencionar el hallazgo de otros xenarthras Pre-GABI en     Am&eacute;rica del Norte, como lo son el registro de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx </span>en el     Mioceno de Estados unidos en las localidades de Draw Fauna, Rattelsnake     Formation, oregon, Hemphilliano temprano (7,05-7,3 Ma <span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Streck     &amp; Grunder, 1995; Protero <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[2006) y en el Hemphilliano     tard&iacute;o de optima, oklahoma (Hirschfeld &amp; Webb, 1968); Coffe     Ranch Local Fauna en Texas con edades de entre 5,0-6,0 Ma (<span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span>     Tedford <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 1987); o el     registro de la especie <span style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx     mathisi </span>en     California, hallazgo correlacionado con las capas de Pinole Tuff de     edad 5,2 Ma (Hh 3; Tedford <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     [1987, 2004]) y contempor&aacute;neas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[con el registro de <span style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx </span>de     la fauna de Palmetto en Florida     (Morgan, 2005). Adem&aacute;s, del registro de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx </span>en las     localidades de La Plegaria en el l&iacute;mite entre los estados de     Hidalgo y M&eacute;xico con una edad Hemphilliano tard&iacute;o, mayor     a los 4,8 Ma (Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda &amp; Miller, 2004) y Rancho     El&nbsp; Ocote&nbsp; en&nbsp; San&nbsp; Miguel Allende,&nbsp;     Guanajuato (Montellano &amp; Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda, 1986).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Aunque el     g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx     </span>en Norte Am&eacute;rica hab&iacute;a sido com&uacute;nmente     considerado     como un inmigrante temprano de Am&eacute;rica del Sur (Hirschfeld,     1981), ahora se acepta que es end&eacute;mico de ese subcontinente     (Morgan, 2005) y que evolucion&oacute; a partir de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span>     (McDonald &amp; Naples, 2007).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Por&nbsp; otro&nbsp;     lado,&nbsp;     en&nbsp; Am&eacute;rica&nbsp; del&nbsp; Sur&nbsp; hicieron su     aparici&oacute;n dos grupos hol&aacute;rticos de Heraldos, la familia     Mustelidae y los roedores Sigmodontinae, en el Huayqueriano     tard&iacute;o (alrededor de 5,8 Ma) de la Formaci&oacute;n Cerro     Azul, provincia de La Pampa en Argentina (Verzi &amp; Montalvo, 2008;     Verzi <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2008). Antes de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estos hallazgos, el registro m&aacute;s     antiguo de un Mustelidae se dio en el Plioceno tard&iacute;o de la     Formaci&oacute;n Vorohu&eacute; (Marplatense) de acuerdo a Reig (1957)     y el de un Cricetidae en el Plioceno temprano de la Formaci&oacute;n     Monte Hermoso, ambos en Argentina Central (<a      href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>) (Reig, 1978;     Pardi&ntilde;as <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2002).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">Intercambio faun&iacute;stico e     intermitencia temprana&nbsp; del&nbsp; istmo&nbsp; de&nbsp;     Panam&aacute;&nbsp; 4,8-4,5&nbsp; a 3,5-3,0 ma</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Todos los anteriores     registros     permiten confirmar que durante el Clarendoniano tard&iacute;o (Cl2=     9.0&nbsp; Ma&nbsp; aprox.)&nbsp; y&nbsp; el&nbsp; Hemphilliano&nbsp;     temprano (Hh1-Hh2 = 8,5 a 6,5 Ma aprox.), arribaron los primeros     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Heraldos de Am&eacute;rica del Sur a Norte Am&eacute;rica y viceversa     v&iacute;a Am&eacute;rica Central. La evidencia sugiere que ese     proceso se dio entre los 9,0 a 5,8 Ma y luego de alguna manera la     conexi&oacute;n terrestre entre Am&eacute;rica del Sur y del Norte, que     debe entenderse se dio a lo largo de un antiguo archipi&eacute;lago, se     interrumpi&oacute; durante casi todo el Hemphilliano tard&iacute;o     (Hh3).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El l&iacute;mite     Hemphilliano     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[tard&iacute;o &#8211; Blancano temprano (Bl1 alrededor de 4,8/4,7 Ma), marca     el inicio del cierre o el cierre parcial del istmo de Panam&aacute; por     el levantamiento continuo del Arco&nbsp; de&nbsp; Islas&nbsp;     Costa&nbsp; Rica-Panam&aacute;.&nbsp; La&nbsp; circulaci&oacute;n de     las aguas profundas se mantuvo hasta el Mioceno Superior (Jackson &amp;     Budd, 1996), pero el incremento en la actividad tect&oacute;nica al     final del Mioceno aceler&oacute; el proceso de cierre, permitiendo     solamente una conexi&oacute;n somera del Pacifico Este con el Caribe,     conexiones que permanecieron abiertas hasta alrededor de los 3,5 Ma     (Keigwin, 1982; Duque-Caro, 1990a, b).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ello&nbsp;     parece&nbsp;     reflejarse&nbsp; en&nbsp; el&nbsp; registro&nbsp; f&oacute;sil&nbsp;     de&nbsp; las&nbsp; localidades&nbsp; de&nbsp; Rancho&nbsp; El&nbsp;     ocote en&nbsp;&nbsp; San&nbsp;&nbsp; Miguel&nbsp; Allende,&nbsp;&nbsp;     Guanajuato&nbsp;&nbsp; en&nbsp;&nbsp; el centro&nbsp; de&nbsp;     M&eacute;xico,&nbsp; donde&nbsp; se&nbsp; citan&nbsp; los&nbsp;     g&eacute;neros <span style="font-style: italic;">Glossotherium</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Montellano &amp; Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda, 1986), con edades     radiom&eacute;tricas cercanas al     l&iacute;mite Hemphilliano tard&iacute;o &#8211; Blancano temprano (Hh3-Bl1 o     4,8/4,7 Ma <span style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Flynn <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2005); m&aacute;s     tard&iacute;amente el     Pampatheriidae Plaina (&iquest;?) con edad ligeramente superior a los     3,9 Ma (Bl1), el Glyptodontidae <span style="font-style: italic;">Glyptotherium</span>&iquest;?     y el roedor     caviomorfo <span style="font-style: italic;">Neochoerus</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(alrededor de 3,6 Ma), todos organismos de     abolengo suramericano (a excepci&oacute;n del registro <span      style="font-style: italic;">Glyptotherium</span>     &iquest;? , un g&eacute;nero norteamericano que evolucion&oacute; a     partir de un ancestro suramericano y que luego migr&oacute; de manera     inversa hacia Am&eacute;rica del Sur hace 2,7 Ma, <span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Carlini <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     2008) (<a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>).     Hallazgos todos caracterizados por un registro muy     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[fragmentario de restos, mayoritariamente escudos d&eacute;rmicos o     dientes aislados (Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;     Miller,&nbsp; 2004),&nbsp; mismo&nbsp; fen&oacute;meno que se observa     en la localidad de San Gerardo de Limoncito en la Formaci&oacute;n     Curr&eacute;.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El arribo de     xenarthras y     caviomorfos entre los 4,8 y 3,5 Ma que Carranza-Casta&ntilde;eda     &amp; Miller (2004) comparan con un patr&oacute;n de inmigraci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[intermitente o una serie de oleadas de arribo&nbsp;     y&nbsp; que&nbsp; cabe&nbsp; destacar&nbsp; no&nbsp; parece&nbsp;     haberse dado en sentido contrario, es decir de Am&eacute;rica del Norte     hacia Am&eacute;rica del Sur; este patr&oacute;n de arribo en oleadas     se asocia a un simple acortamiento de los pasos oce&aacute;nicos por     incremento de las superficies de las islas, producto de la     conjugaci&oacute;n de la elevaci&oacute;n del territorio del istmo por     el choque del Arco de Islas Costa Rica &#8211;Panam&aacute; con el noroeste     de Am&eacute;rica del Sur y las ca&iacute;das del nivel del mar durante     el Plioceno, en especial una ca&iacute;da muy fuerte en el Plioceno     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[temprano (Haq <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 1988)     que ha quedado registrada como una discordancia erosiva presente en     pr&aacute;cticamente todas las cuencas     sedimentarias de Costa Rica durante el Plioceno temprano (Sprechmann <span      style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span>, 1994).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El componente     clim&aacute;tico fue     crucial para que se diera dicho patr&oacute;n de intercambio durante el     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Mioceno tard&iacute;o y el Plioceno temprano, cuando las asociaciones     paleoflor&iacute;sticas del sur de Am&eacute;rica Central sugieren     ambientes tropicales c&aacute;lidos y h&uacute;medos, bosques lluviosos     de zonas bajas sin evidencia de vegetaci&oacute;n de altura,     &aacute;rida o seca (Graham &amp; Dilcher, 1998), condiciones     m&aacute;s afines a las existentes en el noroeste de Am&eacute;rica del     Sur (Kay &amp; Madden, 1997), de all&iacute; que facilitara a los     saltadores de islas suramericanos arribar al archipi&eacute;lago de     Am&eacute;rica Central meridional y establecerse. Por el contrario, la     vegetaci&oacute;n del norte de Am&eacute;rica Central (Formaci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Herrer&iacute;a del Plioceno de Guatemala) en esa &eacute;poca, sugiere     climas m&aacute;s fr&iacute;os, vegetaci&oacute;n de altura, bosques de     pinos y robles con zacates y no est&aacute; representado el bosque     lluvioso de tierras bajas (Grahan &amp; Dilcher, 1998). A partir de     estos datos, se puede deducir que la fauna de Mesoam&eacute;rica     durante el Plioceno Inferior (Blancano temprano) se vio impedida de     migrar ante las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas imperantes en el arco de     islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute; y el noroeste de Am&eacute;rica del Sur,     condiciones que en definitiva favorecieron a los xenarthras y roedores     caviomorfos de Am&eacute;rica del Sur.</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Al parecer el     archipi&eacute;lago     del Arco de Islas Costa Rica-Panam&aacute; result&oacute; ser un filtro     efectivo durante el Plioceno temprano para los migrantes     norteamericanos, producto del masivo reajuste ambiental al que eran     sometidos y es por ello que su registro en Am&eacute;rica del Sur no se     da hasta el final del Marplatenseano e inicio del Ensenadeano de     Am&eacute;rica del Sur hace unos 2,7 Ma, cuando las condiciones     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ambientales permitieron el arribo de los primeros tayasu&iacute;deos,     cam&eacute;lidos, caballos y carn&iacute;voros. De hecho la flora del     sur de Am&eacute;rica Central para el Plioceno Medio denota una marcada     estacionalidad con una estaci&oacute;n seca importante; un     desarrollado, mejor definido y extenso bosque tropical seco, producto     de la elevaci&oacute;n y cierre del portal marino entre Norte y     Suram&eacute;rica (Graham, 1991).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">De ah&iacute; en     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[adelante, podemos     asumir que el cierre efectivo del istmo se da alrededor de los 3,5 a     3,0 Ma en el Blancano medio&#8211;tard&iacute;o y ello es concordante con los     datos bioestratigr&aacute;ficos, las sucesiones faun&iacute;sticas de     invertebrados marinos y las secuencias sedimentol&oacute;gicas     observadas para el sur de Am&eacute;rica Central, que permiten     establecer que el Istmo de Panam&aacute; constituy&oacute; un     territorio     emergido continuo entre 3,5 Ma a 3,1 Ma (Duque-Caro, 1990b; Coates     &amp; obando, 1996).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El aislamiento de     los dos     oc&eacute;anos producto del cierre de paso marino centroamericano o     estrecho de Bol&iacute;var, llev&oacute; al sistema clim&aacute;tico     global hacia una condici&oacute;n c&aacute;lida, denominada Periodo     Plioceno C&aacute;lido entre los 4,7-3,1 Ma (Budyko <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 1985;     Cronin &amp; Dowsett, 1996) y a un incremento en la salinidad de las     aguas superficiales del Caribe entre los 4,7-4,2 Ma seg&uacute;n Haug     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2001), fundamentados     en el an&aacute;lisis comparativo</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">de is&oacute;topos     de oxigeno en     foramin&iacute;feros plant&oacute;nicos entre localidades del     Pac&iacute;fico Este (sitio 851 oDP) y el Caribe (sitio 999 oDP), ver     tambi&eacute;n Gussone <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2004); condici&oacute;n que se ha mantenido hasta la actualidad.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Est&aacute; situaci&oacute;n produjo la     posterior extinci&oacute;n de algunos grupos de invertebrados y la     migraci&oacute;n de otros organismos, como lo son el caso del     g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Crassostrea</span> en     el Caribe (Kirby &amp; Jackson, 2004) y     oblig&oacute; a la emigraci&oacute;n del g&eacute;nero <span      style="font-style: italic;">Squalus</span> (un     grupo de tiburones muy sensibles a los cambios de salinidad y     temperatura) fuera del Caribe posterior al Plioceno temprano     (Laurito, 1999).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Coates <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (1992), concluyeron     que la divergencia evolutiva entre las faunas marino costeras del     Pac&iacute;fico y el Caribe, acaecieron alrededor de los 3,8 -3,6 Ma,     lo que sugiere que el Istmo de Panam&aacute; result&oacute; una barrera     oce&aacute;nica efectiva para esa &eacute;poca y que el cierre fue     completo de manera adecuada para permitir el amplio intercambio de     mam&iacute;feros terrestres alrededor de los 2,7 Ma (<span      style="font-style: italic;">sensu</span> Webb, 1997).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Algunos casos acerca del GABI en     Am&eacute;rica Central (<a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02t1.gif">cuadro     1</a>)</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En Am&eacute;rica     Central el Gran     Intercambio Bi&oacute;tico Americano se caracteriza por una cierta     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[homogeneidad de la fauna, si se le comprara con las faunas Blancano     tard&iacute;o de Am&eacute;rica del Norte y del Ensenadeano de     Am&eacute;rica del Sur.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En el Blancano     tard&iacute;o de la     localidad del r&iacute;o Tomayate, cabe destacar el registro de la     familia ursidae cf. <span style="font-style: italic;">Arctotherium</span>     sp. descrito y datado por Soibelzon <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span> (2008) y que constituye el registro probablemente m&aacute;s     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[temprano del g&eacute;nero en el hemisferio norte de previo al     registro Ensenadeano de Am&eacute;rica del Sur que tambi&eacute;n es el     m&aacute;s antiguo de Argentina (Soibelzon <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2005); este registro     cambia la suposici&oacute;n previa de que el g&eacute;nero <span      style="font-style: italic;">Arctotherium</span>     era end&eacute;mico de Am&eacute;rica del Sur; pero lo cierto es que     este g&eacute;nero&nbsp; experiment&oacute;&nbsp; una&nbsp;     cladog&eacute;nesis&nbsp; importante en el Pleistoceno tard&iacute;o     de Am&eacute;rica del Sur (Soibelzon <span style="font-style: italic;">et     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[al.</span>, 2005).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Para el     Irvingtoniano de     Am&eacute;rica Central destacan las localidades de Tomayate (parte     superior) en&nbsp; El&nbsp; Salvador&nbsp; (Cisneros,&nbsp; 2005)&nbsp;     y&nbsp; la&nbsp; localidad de Bajo de los Barrantes de San     Ram&oacute;n, en Costa Rica, que comparten los registros del     Notoungulado suramericano <span style="font-style: italic;">Mixotoxodon     larensis</span> van Frank, 1957     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Laurito, 1993; Lucas <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>,     1997) descrito inicialmente en Venezuela     y poco despu&eacute;s en Colombia (van Frank, 1957; De Porta, 1959;     Rinc&oacute;n, 2011), muy com&uacute;n en Am&eacute;rica Central     (Leidy, 1886; Gazin, 1957; McGrew, 1942; Stirton &amp; Gealey, 1949;     Webb &amp; Perrigo, 1984; Espinoza, 1976; Woodburne, 1969) y que se     cre&iacute;a restricto a esta &aacute;rea hasta que recientemente     Polaco <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2004),     describen restos de Mixotoxodon sp. en el     Pleistoceno de los estados de Michoac&aacute;n y Veracruz, y m&aacute;s     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[recientemente en el Municipio de Panuco, tambi&eacute;n en el Estado     de Veracruz (Rodr&iacute;guez-de la Rosa, 2011), todos en     M&eacute;xico. Por otro lado, Rodrigues do Nascimento (2008) y     Rinc&oacute;n (2011), recopilan los registros de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Mixotoxodon larensis</span>     en los estados de Acre y Rondonia en Brasil y en el departamento de     Beni en Bolivia. Recientemente&nbsp; se&nbsp; ha&nbsp; descrito&nbsp;     en&nbsp; la&nbsp; provincia de Santiago del Estero en Argentina     (Chimento &amp; Agnolin, 2011) y Rinc&oacute;n (2011) considera a     <span style="font-style: italic;">Mixotoxodon larensis</span> una     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[especie intertropical que de acuerdo a los     &uacute;ltimos registros se distribuy&oacute; entre los 18&ordm; N y     28&ordm;S de latitud.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Otro registro     Irvingtoniano     importante es el Pampatheriidae<span style="font-style: italic;">     Holmesina septentrionalis</span> en El     Salvador (Aguilar &amp; Laurito, 2009), se acepta que las especies     norteamericanas de Holmesina, evolucionaron de una Holmesina ancestral     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[que en&nbsp; el&nbsp; Plioceno&nbsp; Superior&nbsp; arrib&oacute;&nbsp;     a Am&eacute;rica&nbsp; del Norte y origin&oacute; varias especies por     cladog&eacute;nesis (Downing &amp; White, 1995), para luego reingresar     a Am&eacute;rica del Sur en el Pleistoceno Superior por     migraci&oacute;n inversa (Scillato-Yan&eacute; <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2005).     Tambi&eacute;n es notable en esta &eacute;poca el registro del     murci&eacute;lago <span style="font-style: italic;">Pteronotus</span>     cf. <span style="font-style: italic;">parnelli</span> junto con la     &uacute;nica     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[evidencia de <span style="font-style: italic;">xenarthras</span>     end&eacute;micos para Am&eacute;rica Central     conocida hasta ahora, las especies <span style="font-style: italic;">Megalonyx     obtusidens</span> Webb &amp;     Perrigo, 1985 y <span style="font-style: italic;">Meizonyx salvadorensi</span>s     Webb &amp; Perrigo, 1985     procedentes de la La Barranca del Sisimico.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Un caso interesante     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[lo es el     registro del g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Pachyarmatherium</span>     en el Plioceno     tard&iacute;o y Pleistoceno temprano de la localidad de Buenos Aires de     Palmares en Costa Rica (Laurito <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span>, 2005b;&nbsp; Valerio&nbsp;     &amp;&nbsp; Laurito,&nbsp; 2011),&nbsp; previamente descrito en La     Florida y Carolina del Norte (Downing &amp; White, 1995) en esa misma     &eacute;poca. <span style="font-style: italic;">Pachyarmatherium </span>se     crey&oacute; end&eacute;mico de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Am&eacute;rica del Norte y se acepta que se origin&oacute; all&iacute;     a partir de un <span style="font-style: italic;">Glyptatelinae</span>     suramericano ancestral (Valerio &amp;     Laurito, 2011), pero al igual que en el caso del g&eacute;nero     <span style="font-style: italic;">Glyptotherium</span> migra a     Am&eacute;rica del Sur en el Pleistoceno     tard&iacute;o, registr&aacute;ndose en Venezuela y Brasil     (Rinc&oacute;n &amp; White, 2007; Porpino <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2008a, b, 2009;     Oliveira <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2009).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En relaci&oacute;n a     los     probosc&iacute;deos de Am&eacute;rica Central, sobresale el registro     m&aacute;s austral del g&eacute;nero Mammut en el Pleistoceno de     Honduras (Lucas &amp; Alvarado, 1991); el g&eacute;nero Mammuthus con     la especie Mammuthus columbi que corresponde al Pac&iacute;fico Central     de Costa Rica (Alvarado, 1986; Lucas <span style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span>, 1997) y de edad     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Rancholabreano (Laurito &amp; Aguilar, 2006).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Por &uacute;ltimo,     cabe     se&ntilde;alar la ausencia del registro f&oacute;sil del     g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Stegomastodon</span>     que aunque com&uacute;n en el Pleistoceno     tard&iacute;o de Norte Am&eacute;rica (incluido M&eacute;xico) y     Am&eacute;rica del Sur, no se registra en el sur de M&eacute;xico, ni     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[en Am&eacute;rica Central, a pesar que los registros de mastodontes son     muy comunes y obvios por el gran tama&ntilde;o de sus restos; por lo     que existe la posibilidad de que el g&eacute;nero sea     parafil&eacute;tico (cf. Laurito en Arroyo <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, 2007); &eacute;sta     posici&oacute;n viene a ser reforzada por Moth&eacute; <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>, (en     prensa) y Cozzuol <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2012) quienes concluyen que el g&eacute;nero     &#8220;<span style="font-style: italic;">Stegomastodon</span>&#8221; de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Am&eacute;rica del Sur est&aacute; cercanamente     relacionado a los g&eacute;neros Cuvieronius y Rhynchotherium, pero no     al g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Stegomastodon</span>     de Norteam&eacute;rica.    <br>     <br> <a href="/img/revistas/rgac/n46/a02i3.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice 1</a>    <br> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3">    <!-- ref --><br> <span style="font-family: verdana;">Referencias</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">AGUILAR, D. &amp; LAURITO, C., 2009: El armadillo gigante (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pampatheriidae)&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;del&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; r&iacute;o&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tomayate, Blancano tard&iacute;o-Irvingtoniano temprano, El Salvador, Am&eacute;rica Central.-Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 41: 25-35.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988129&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ALBERDI, M.T., PRADO,&nbsp; J.L. &amp; SALAS, R., 2004:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pleistocene&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gomphotheres&nbsp; (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from Peru.-Neues Jarhbuch f&uuml;r Geologie un Pal&auml;ontolgie abhandlungen, 231: 423-452.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988130&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ALVARADO, G., 1986: Hallazgo de megama-m&iacute;feros f&oacute;siles en Costa Rica.-Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 4: 1-46.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988131&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ARROYO-CABRALES, J., POLACO, O.J., LAURITO, C.A., JOHNSON, E., ALBERDI,&nbsp;&nbsp; M.T.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp; VALERIO,&nbsp;&nbsp; A.L., 2007: The Proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica.-En: AGENBROAD, L., HAYNES, G., JOHNSON, E. &amp; PALOMBO, M.R. (eds): World of Elephants 2: Selected papers from the 2nd Congress, Mammoth Site of Hot Springs.-Quat. Intern. 169-170: 17-23.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988132&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">BUDYKO, M.I., RONOV, A.B. &amp; YANSHIN, A.L., 1985: The history of the Earth atmosphere.-139 p&aacute;gs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988133&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CADENA, E.A., 2009: New Cretaceous and Cenozoic fossil turtles from Colombia and Panama; systematic, paleontology, phylogenetical and paleobiogeographical implications.- 133 p&aacute;gs. universidad de Florida, Florida (Tesis M.Sc).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988134&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CADENA,&nbsp;&nbsp; E.,&nbsp;&nbsp; BOURQUE,&nbsp;&nbsp; J.R.,&nbsp;&nbsp; RINCON, A.F., BLOCH, J.I., JARAMILLO, C.A. &amp; MACFADDEN , B.J., 2012: New Turtles (Chelonia) from the Late Eocene Through Late Miocene of the Panama Canal Basin.- J. Paleontol. 86(3): 539-557.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988135&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CAMPBELL, K.E., HEIZLER, M., FRAILEY, C.D.,&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;ROMERO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PITMAN,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp; PROTHERO, D.R., 2001: upper Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Amazon Basin.- Geology, 29: 595-598.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988136&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CARLINI, A., ZURITA,&nbsp; A. &amp; AGUILERA,&nbsp; O., 2008: North American Glyptodontines (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in upper Pleistocene of northern SouthAmerica.- Pal&auml;ontologische Zeitschrift, 82(2): 125-138.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988137&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CARRANZA-CASTA&Ntilde;EDA, O. &amp; MILLER, W., 2004: Late Tertiary Terrestrial Mammals from Central Mexico and their relationship to South American Inmigrants.- Rev. Brasileira de Paleont. 7(2): 249-261.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988138&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CHIMENTO,&nbsp; N.R.&nbsp; &amp; AGNOLIN,&nbsp; F.L.,&nbsp; 2012: Mam&iacute;feros del Pleistoceno Superior de Santiago del Estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeogr&aacute;ficas.- Pap&eacute;is Avulsos Zoologia, 51(6): 83-100.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988139&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CISNEROS, J.C., 2005: New Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna from El Salvador.- Rev. Bras. de Paleontol., 8(3): 239-255.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988140&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">COATES,&nbsp;&nbsp; A.G.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OBANDO,&nbsp;&nbsp; J.A.,&nbsp;&nbsp; 1996: The geologic evolution of the Central American isthmus. -En: JACKSON, J.B.C.,&nbsp; BUDD, A.F.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; COATES, A.G. (eds.): Evolution and environment in tropical America.- The univ. Chicago Press, Chicago: 21&#8211;56.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988141&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">COATES, A.G., COLLINS, L.S., AUBRY, M. &amp; BERGGREN, W.A., 2004: The Geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene-Pliocene collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America.- Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 116: 1327-1344.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988142&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">COATES, A.G., AUBRY, M., BERGGREN, W.A.,&nbsp; COLLINS,&nbsp; L.S.,&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; KUNK,&nbsp; M., 2003: Early Neogene history of the Central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panam&aacute;.- Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 115:</span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> 271-287.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988143&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">COATES, A.G., JACKSON, J.B.C., COLLINS, L.S., CRONIN, T.M., DOWSETT, H.J., BYBELL, L.M., JUNG, P. &amp; OBANDO, J.A., 1992: Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: The near-shore marine record of Costa Rica and western Panama.- Geol. Soc. of Amer. Bull. 104: 814&#8211;828.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988144&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">COZZUOL, M.A., MOTH&Eacute;, D. &amp; AVILLA, L.S.A.,&nbsp; 2012:&nbsp; Critical&nbsp; apprasial&nbsp; of&nbsp; the phylogenetic proposals for the South American Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea: Mammalia).- Quat. Intern. 255: 36-41.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988145&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CRONIN, T.M. &amp; DOWSETT, H.J., 1996: Biotic&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; oceanographic&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; response to the Pliocene closing of the Central American isthmus. &#8211; En: JACKSoN, J.B., BuDD, A.F. &amp; CoATES, A.G. (eds.): Evolution and Environment in Tropical America.- The univ. Chicago Press, Chicago: 76&#8211;104.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988146&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DE MUIZON, C., MCDONALD, H.G., SALAS, R. &amp; URBINA,&nbsp; M., 2004: The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus.-&nbsp; J. Vert.&nbsp; Paleontol.&nbsp; 24:</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">398&#8211;410.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988147&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DE PORTA, J., 1959: Nueva subespecie de Toxod&oacute;ntido del Cuaternario de Colombia.- Bol. de Geol. univ. Industrial de Santander,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 3: 55-61.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988148&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DOMNING, D.P., EMRY, R.J., PORTELL, R.W., DONOVAN, S.K. &amp; SCHINDLER, K.S., 1997: oldest West Indian Land Mammal: Rhinocerotoid ungulate from the Eocene of Jamaica.- J. Vert. Paleontol.</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 17(4): 638-641.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988149&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DOWNING, K. &amp; WHITE, R., 1995: The cingulates (Xenarthra) of Leisey Shell Pit local fauna (Irvingtonian), Hillborough County, Florida.- Bull. Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. 37:</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">375-396.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988150&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DUQUE-CARO, H., 1990a: Estratigraf&iacute;a, paleoceanograf&iacute;a&nbsp;&nbsp; y&nbsp;&nbsp; paleobiogeograf&iacute;a&nbsp;&nbsp; de la cuenca&nbsp; del Atrato&nbsp; y&nbsp; la&nbsp; evoluci&oacute;n&nbsp; del Istmo de Panam&aacute;.- Inst. Nac. Invest. Geol. Mineras. Bol. Geol. 31(1): 3-46.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988151&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">DUQUE-CARO, H., 1990b: El Bloque Choc&oacute; en el Noroccidente Suramericano: Implicaciones estructurales, tectonoestratigr&aacute;ficas y paleogeogr&aacute;ficas.- Inst. Nac. Invest. Geol. Mineras. Bol. Geol. 31(1): 47-71.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988152&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ESPINOSA, J., 1976: Excavaciones arqueol&oacute;gicas en &#8220;El Bosque&#8221;. Informe No.1.- 70 p&aacute;gs. Instituto Geogr&aacute;fico Nacional, Managua, Nicaragua.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988153&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">FERRETTI, M.P., 2008: A review of South American proboscideans.- En: LUCAS, S.G.,&nbsp;&nbsp; MORGAN,&nbsp;&nbsp; G.S.,&nbsp;&nbsp; SPIELMANN, J.A. &amp; PROTHERO, D.R. (eds.): Neogene Mammals.- New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 44: 381-391.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988154&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">FERRUSQUIA-VILLAFRANCA, I., 2003: Mexico&#8217;s Middle Miocene mammalian assemblages: An&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; overview.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &#8211;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En: FLYNN, L. (ed.): Vertebrate Fossils and Their Context: Contributions in Honor of Richard H. Tedford. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 279: 321&#8211;347.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988155&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">FLYNN, J., KOWALLIS, B., NU&Ntilde;EZ, C., CARRANZA-CASTA&Ntilde;EDA, O., MILLER, W., SWISHER III, C. &amp; LINDSAY,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2005:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Geochronology of&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Hemphillian-Blancan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; aged&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; strata, Guanajuato,&nbsp;&nbsp; Mexico,&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; implications for timing of the Great American Biotic Interchange.- J. of Geol.113: 287-307.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988156&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">GAZIN,&nbsp; C.L.,&nbsp; 1957:&nbsp; Exploration&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; remains of giant ground sloths in Panama.- Smithsonian&nbsp; Institution,&nbsp; Annual&nbsp; Report,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 1956: 314&#8211;354.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988157&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">GRAHAM, A., 1991: Studies in Neotropical Paleobotany. X. The Pliocene communities of Panama: composition, numerical representations, and paleocommunity paleoenvironmental&nbsp;&nbsp; reconstructions.- An. of the Missouri Botanical Garden,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 78: 465&#8211;475.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988158&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">GRAHAM,&nbsp;&nbsp; A.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DILCHER,&nbsp;&nbsp; D.L.,&nbsp;&nbsp; 1998: Studies in Neotropical Paleobotany. XII. A Palynoflora from the Pliocene Rio Banano Formation of Costa Rica and the Neogene Vegetation of Mesoamerica.- Amer. J. of Botany, 85(10): 1426-1438.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988159&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">GUSSONE,N.,EISENHAUER,A,TIEDEMANN, R., HAUG, G.H., HEUSER, A., BOCK, B., N&Auml;GLER, T. &amp; M&Uuml;LLER, A., 2004: Reconstruction&nbsp; of&nbsp; Caribbean&nbsp; Sea&nbsp; surface&nbsp; temperature&nbsp; and&nbsp; salinity&nbsp; fluctuations in response to the Pliocene closure of the Central American Gateway and radiative forcing, using &#948;44/40&nbsp;&nbsp; Ca, &#948;18&nbsp; o and Mg/Ca ratios. -Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters,</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">227(2004): 201-214.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988160&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HAQ,&nbsp; B.U.,&nbsp; HARDENBOL,&nbsp; J.&nbsp; &amp; VAIL,&nbsp; P.R., 1988: Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change.- En: WILGUS, C.K., HASTINGS, B., KENDALL, C.G.ST.C, POSAMENTIER, H.W., ROSS, C.A. &amp; VAN WAGONER, J.C. (eds.): Sea Level Changes: An Integrated Approach.&nbsp; SEPM&nbsp; Spec.&nbsp; Publ. 42: 71-108.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988161&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200033&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HAUG, G.H., TIEDEMANN, R., ZAHN, R. &amp; RAVELO, A.C.,&nbsp; 2001:&nbsp; Role&nbsp; of&nbsp; Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance.- Geology, 29: 207-210.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988162&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200034&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HEAD, J.J., RAZA, S.M. &amp; GINGERICH, P.D., 1999: Drazinderetes tethyensis: a new large trionychid (Reptilia:Testudines) from the marine Eocene Drazinda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan).- Contrib. from the Mus. of Paleontol. univ. of Michigan, 30: 199&#8211;214.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988163&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200035&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HEAD, J.J., AGUILERA, O. &amp; S&Aacute;NCHEZ- VILLAGRA, M.R., 2006: Past colonization of South America by trionychid turtles: Fossil evidence from the Neogene of Margarita Island, Venezuela.- J. of Herpetology, 40(3): 380-383.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988164&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200036&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HELGEN, K.M. &amp; WILSON, D.E., 2003: Taxonomic status and conservation relevance of the raccoons (Procyon spp.) of the West Indies.- J. of Zoology, 259(1): 69&#8211;76.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988165&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200037&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HIRSCHFELD, S.E., 1981: <span style="font-style: italic;">Pliometanastes</span> protistus&nbsp; (Edentata,&nbsp; Megalonychidae)&nbsp; from Knight&#8217;s Ferry, California, with discussions of early Hemphillian megalonychidos.- PaleoBios, 36: 1&#8211;16.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988166&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200038&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HIRSCHFELD,&nbsp; S.E.,&nbsp; 1985:&nbsp; Ground&nbsp; sloths from the Friasian La Venta Fauna, with additions to the pre-Friasian Coyaima Fauna of Colombia, South America.- Univ. of California Publications, Geol. Sci. 128: 1&#8211;91.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988167&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200039&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HIRSCHFELD, S.E. &amp; WEBB, S.D., 1968: PIio-Pleistocene megalonychid sloths of North America. &#8211; Bull. of the Fla. State Mus. Biol. Sci. 12(5): 213-296.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988168&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200040&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HORNE,&nbsp; G.S.,&nbsp; 1994: A Mid&nbsp; Cretaceous&nbsp; ornithopode from Central Honduras. -J. Vert. Paleontol. 14(1): 147-150.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988169&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200041&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ITURRALDE-VINNENT, M.A. &amp; MACPHEE, R.D.E., 1999: Paleogeography of the Caribbean&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Region:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Implications&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; for Cenozoic Biogeography. &#8211; Bull. of the Amer. Mus. of Natural History, 238: 1-95.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988170&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">JACKSON, J.B. &amp; BUDD, A.F., 1996: Evolution and&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Environment:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Introduction&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; and overview. &#8211; En: JACKSON, J.B., BUDD, A.F. &amp; COATES, A.G. (eds.): Evolution and Environment in Tropical America.- The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1-20.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988171&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200043&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Johnson, D.L., 1980: Problems in the Land Vertebrate Zoogeography of Certain Islands and the Swimming Powers of Elephants.- J. Biogeography, 7(4): 383-398.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988172&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200044&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">KAY,&nbsp; R.F.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; MADDEN,&nbsp; R.H.,&nbsp; 1997: Mammals&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; rainfall:&nbsp;&nbsp; paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America).- J. Human Evol. 32: 161&#8211;199.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988173&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200045&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">KEIGWIN, L.D., Jr., 1982: Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: role of Panama uplift in late Neogene time.- Science, 217: 350&#8211;353.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988174&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200046&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">KELLOGG, J.N. &amp; VEGA, V., 1995: Tectonic development of Panama, Costa Rica and the Colombian Andes: Constraints from Global Positioning System geodetic studies and gravity.- En: MANN, P. (ed.): Geologic and Tectonic Development of the Caribbean Plate Boundary in Southern Central America.- Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. paper 295: 75-88.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988175&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200047&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">KIRBY, M.X. &amp; JACKSON, J.B.C., 2004: Extinction of a fast-growing oyster and changing ocean circulation in Pliocene tropical America.- Geology, 32: 1025&#8211;1028.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988176&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200048&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">KIRBY, M.X. &amp; MACFADDEN, B.J., 2005: Was southern&nbsp; Central&nbsp; America&nbsp; an&nbsp; archipelago or a peninsula in the middle Miocene? A test using land-mammal body size.- Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 228: 193&#8211;202.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988177&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200049&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO, C., 1993: An&aacute;lisis topol&oacute;gico y sistem&aacute;tico del Toxodonte de Bajo de los Barrantes, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 16: 61-68.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988178&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200050&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO, C., 1999: Los sel&aacute;ceos f&oacute;siles de la localidad de Alto Guayac&aacute;n (y otros ictiolitos asociados), Mioceno Superior-Plioceno Inferior de la Formaci&oacute;n uscari, provincia de Lim&oacute;n, Costa Rica.- 168 p&aacute;gs. Laurito, C. (ed.), San Jos&eacute;    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988179&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200051&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref -->.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO, C. &amp; AGUILAR, D., 2006: El registro&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mammuthus&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) en la Rep&uacute;blica de El Salvador, Am&eacute;rica Central.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 34-35: 73-81.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988180&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200052&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO, C. &amp; VALERIO, A., 2010: Los caballos f&oacute;siles de la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, cant&oacute;n de Coto Brus, Costa Rica.- 131 p&aacute;gs. Mus. Nac.Costa Rica, San Jos&eacute;    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988181&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200053&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref -->.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO,&nbsp; C.,&nbsp; VALERIO,&nbsp; A.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; P&Eacute;REZ,&nbsp; E., 2005b: Los xenarthras f&oacute;siles de la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares (Blancano tard&iacute;o-Irvingtoniano temprano), provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 33: 83-90.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988182&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LAURITO, C., VALERIO, A., G&Oacute;MEZ, L., MEAD,&nbsp;&nbsp; J.,&nbsp;&nbsp; P&Eacute;REZ,&nbsp;&nbsp; E.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P&Eacute;REZ, L., 2005a: A Trionychidae (Reptilia: Testudines, Cryptodira) from the Pliocene of Costa Rica, Southern Central America.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 32: 7-11.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988183&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200055&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LEIDY, J., 1886: Toxodon and other remains from Nicaragua, C.A.- Proc. of the Academy of Natural&nbsp; Sciences,&nbsp; Philadelphia,&nbsp; 38:&nbsp; 275-</span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">277.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988184&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200056&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LUCAS, S.G. &amp; ALVARADO, G.E., 1991: El hallazgo m&aacute;s austral de Mammut americanum: el caso del mastodonte de San Pedro Sula, Honduras.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central,</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> 13: 85-89.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988185&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200057&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">LUCAS, S., ALVARADO, G. &amp; VEGA, E., 1997: The Pleistocene mammals of Costa Rica. &#8211; J. Vert. Paleontol. 17(2): 413-427.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988186&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200058&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACFADDEN, B.J., 2006: Early Pliocene (latest Hemphillian) horses from the Yep&oacute;mera Local Fauna,Chihuahua,Mexico.&#8211;En:CARRANZA- CASTA&Ntilde;EDA, O. &amp; LINDSAY, E.H. (eds.): Advances in late Tertiary vertebrate paleontology in Mexico and the Great American Biotic Interchange.- Univ. Nac. Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, Inst. de Geol. y Centro de Geociencias, Pub. Espec. 4: 33-43.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988187&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200059&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACFADDEN, B.J., KIRBY, M.X., RINC&Oacute;N, A., MONTES, C., MORON, S., STRONG, N. &amp; JARAMILLO, C.A., 2010: Extinct peccary &#8220;Cynorca&#8221; occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and&nbsp; correlations&nbsp; to&nbsp; North America.&nbsp; -&nbsp; J. Paleontol. 84(2): 288-298.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988188&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200060&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACPHEE, R.D.E., 2005: &#8216;First&#8217; appearances in the Cenozoic land-mammal record of the Greater Antilles: significance and comparison with South American and Antarctic records.- J. Biogeography, 32: 551&#8211;564.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988189&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200061&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACPHEE,&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;R.D.E.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ITURRALDE- VINENT,&nbsp; M.A.,&nbsp; 1994:&nbsp; First&nbsp; Tertiary land&nbsp; mammal&nbsp; from&nbsp; Greater&nbsp; Antilles: an Early Miocene sloth (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from Cuba. - Amer. Mus. Novitates, 3094: 1-13.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988190&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200062&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACPHEE, R.D.E. &amp; ITURRALDE-VINENT, M.A., 1995: origin of the Greater Antillean land mammal fauna, 1: new Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico.- Amer. Mus. Novitates, 3141: 1-31.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988191&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200063&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MACPHEE, R.D.E., ITURRALDE-VINENT, M.A. &amp; GAFFNEY, E.S., 2003: Domo de Zaza, an Early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage.- Amer. Mus. Novitates, 3394: 1&#8211;42.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988192&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200064&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MCDONALD, H.G., 2005: Paleoecology of the extinct Xenarthras and The Great American Biotic Interchange.- En: HuLBERT, R.C., MoRGAN, G.S. &amp; BASKING, J.A. (eds): Cenozoic Vertebrates of the Americas. Paper to Honor David S. Webb.- Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45(4): 319-340.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988193&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200065&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MCDONALD, H.G. &amp; NAPLES, V.L., 2007: Chapter 10: Xenarthra.- En: JANIS, C.M., GUNNELL, G.F. &amp; UHEN, M.D. (eds): Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Vol. 2. - Cambridge univ. Press, 147-160.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988194&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200066&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MCGREW, P.O., 1942: Special correspondence: Field Museum Paleontological expedition to Honduras.- Science, 96:85.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988195&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200067&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MONTELLANO, M. &amp; CARRANZA- CASTA&Ntilde;EDA, O., 1986: Descripci&oacute;n de un milod&oacute;ntido del Blancano temprano de la Mesa Central de M&eacute;xico.- Rev. univ. Nac. Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico, 6: 193-203.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988196&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200068&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MORGAN, G.S., 2005: The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida.- Bull. Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. 45(4): 271-311.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988197&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200069&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MOTH&Eacute;,&nbsp;&nbsp; D.,&nbsp;&nbsp; AVILLA,&nbsp;&nbsp; L.S.A.,&nbsp;&nbsp; COZZUOL, M.A. &amp; WINCK, G.R., en prensa: Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. - Quat. Intern. 2011: 1-6.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988198&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200070&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Oliveira, &Eacute;.V., FRANCA-barreto, A.M. &amp; DA SILVA ALVES, R., 2009: Aspectos sistem&aacute;ticos, paleobiogeogr&aacute;ficos e paleoclim&aacute;ticos dos mam&iacute;feros quatern&aacute;rios de Fazenda Nova Gaea. -J. Geoscience,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 5(2): 75-85.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988199&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200071&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Olson, E.C. &amp; MCGREW, P.o., 1941: Mammalian fauna from the Pliocene of Honduras.-&nbsp; Bull.&nbsp; Geol.&nbsp; Soc. Amer.&nbsp; 52:</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 1219-1244.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988200&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200072&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PARDI&Ntilde;AS, U.F.J., D&#8217;EL&Iacute;A, G. &amp; ORTIZ, P.E., 2002: Sigmodontinos f&oacute;siles (Rodentia, Muroidea, Sigmodontinae) de Am&eacute;rica del Sur; estado actual de su conocimiento y prospectiva.- Mastozoolog&iacute;a Neotropical, 9: 209&#8211;252.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988201&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200073&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PASCUAL, R., 2006: Evolution and geography:&nbsp;&nbsp; The&nbsp;&nbsp; Biogeographic&nbsp;&nbsp; History&nbsp;&nbsp; of South American Land Mammals.- Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 209&#8211;230.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988202&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200074&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PATTERSON, B. &amp; PASCUAL, R., 1968: Evolution of mammals on southern continents. The fossil mammal fauna of South America.- The Quarterly Rev. of Biol. 43: 409-451.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988203&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200075&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PATTERSON, B. &amp; PASCUAL, R., 1972: The fossil mammal fauna of South America. - En: KEAST, A., ERK, F.C. &amp; GLASS, B. (eds): Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents.- State univ. New York Press, Albany, 247-309.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988204&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200076&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PINDELL,&nbsp; J.,&nbsp; 1994:&nbsp; Evolution&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.- En: DONOVAN, S.K. &amp; JACKSON, T.A. (eds):&nbsp;&nbsp; Caribbean&nbsp;&nbsp; geology,&nbsp;&nbsp; an&nbsp;&nbsp; introduction.- The&nbsp; Univ.&nbsp; of&nbsp; the West&nbsp; Indies Publishers Assoc.: 13-40.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988205&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200077&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">POLACO,&nbsp; O.,&nbsp; GUZM&Aacute;N,&nbsp; A.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; TAPIA,&nbsp; G., 2004: occurrence of Toxodonts in the Pleistocene of M&eacute;xico.- Current Res. in the Pleistocene, 21:113-115.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988206&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200078&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PORPINO,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; K.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; FERNICOLA, J.C.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BERQVIST,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; L.P.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2008a: <span style="font-style: italic;">Pachyarmatherium</span> (Xenarthra, Cingulata) remains from the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern&nbsp; Brazil&nbsp; and&nbsp; its&nbsp; phylogenetic affinities. VI Simp&oacute;sio Brasileiro de Paleontolog&iacute;a de Vertebrados.- Bol. de Resumos, Ribeir&atilde;o Preto, USP, 163-164.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988207&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200079&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PORPINO, K. DE O., FERNICOLA, J.C. &amp; BERQVIST, L.P., 2008b: A new species of <span  style="font-style: italic;">Pachyarmatherium</span> (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Pleistocene of northeastern Brazil and its phylogenetic affinities.- J. Vert. Paleontol. 28(3) Abstract 128A.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988208&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200080&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PORPINO,&nbsp;&nbsp; K.&nbsp;&nbsp; DE&nbsp;&nbsp; O.,&nbsp;&nbsp; FERNICOLA,&nbsp;&nbsp; J.C. &amp; BERQVIST, L.P., 2009: A new Cingulate (Mammalia: Xenarthra), <span style="font-style: italic;">Pachyarmatherium</span> brasiliense sp. nov. from the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern Brazil.- J. Vert. Paleontol. 29(3): 881&#8211;893.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988209&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200081&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PRITCHARD, P., 1984: Evolution and zoogeography of South American turtles.- Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, 1: 225&#8211;233.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988210&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200082&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PROTHERO, D.R., HOFFMAN, J.M. &amp; FOSS, S.E., 2006: Magnetic stratigraphy of the upper Miocene (Hemphillian) Rattlesnake Formation,&nbsp; Central&nbsp; Oregon.- PaleoBios,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 26: 37&#8211;42.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988211&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200083&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">REIG, O.A., 1957: un must&eacute;lido del g&eacute;nero Galictis del Eocuartario de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Ameghiniana, 1: 33&#8211;47.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988212&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200084&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">REIG, O.A., 1978: Roedores cric&eacute;tidos del Plioceno Superior de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina).- Publicaciones del&nbsp; Mus.&nbsp; Municipal&nbsp; de&nbsp; Cien.&nbsp; Naturales &laquo;Lorenzo Scaglia&raquo;, 2(8): 164-190.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988213&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200085&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">REIG,&nbsp; O.A.,&nbsp; 1981:&nbsp; Teor&iacute;a&nbsp; y&nbsp; desarrollo&nbsp; de&nbsp; la fauna de mam&iacute;feros de Am&eacute;rica del Sur.-</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">162 p&aacute;gs. Monographiae Naturae. Mus. Municipal de Cien. Naturales &laquo;Lorenzo Scaglia&raquo;, Mar del Plata, Argentina.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988214&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200086&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RINC&Oacute;N,&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;A.D.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2011:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; New&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; remains&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of <span  style="font-style: italic;">Mixotoxodon larensis</span> Van Frank 1957 (Mammalia: Notoungulata) from Mene de Inciarte tar pit, North-Western Venezuela.- Interciencia, 36(12): 894-899.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988215&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200087&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RINC&Oacute;N, A.D. &amp; WHITE, R., 2007: Los Xenarthra Cingulata del Pleistoceno tard&iacute;o (Lujanense) de Cerro Misi&oacute;n, Estado de Falc&oacute;n, Venezuela.- Bol. Soc. Venezolana Espeleol. 41: 2-12.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988216&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200088&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RINCON,&nbsp; A.F.,&nbsp; BLOCH,&nbsp; J.,&nbsp; MACFADDEN, B.,&nbsp; SUAREZ,&nbsp;&nbsp; S.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; JARAMILLO,&nbsp;&nbsp; C., 2012: New Floridatragulines (Mammalia, Camelidae) from the Early Miocene Las Cascadas Formation, Panama.- J. Vert. Paleont. 32(2):456-475.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988217&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200089&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ROBINSON, E., 1988: Early Tertiary larger foraminifera and platform carbonates of the northern Caribbean.- En: BARKER, L.H. (ed.): Transactions of the 11th Caribbean Geological&nbsp; Conference.- Energy &amp; Natural Resources Division, Barbados: 501-512.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988218&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200090&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RODRIGUES&nbsp; DO&nbsp; NASCIMENTO,&nbsp; E.,&nbsp; 2008: Os Xenarthra Pilosa (Megatheriidae), Notoungulata&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(Toxodontidae) e Proboscidea (Gomphotheriidae) da forma&ccedil;&atilde;o Rio Madeira, Pleistoceno Superior, Estado de Rond&ocirc;nia, Brasil.- 113 p&aacute;gs. universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre (Tesis M.Sc).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988219&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200091&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">RODR&Iacute;GUEZ-DE LA ROSA, R.A., GUZM&Aacute;N- GUTI&Eacute;RREZ, J.R. &amp; ORTEGA- HURTADO&nbsp; DE&nbsp; MENDOZA,&nbsp; C.,&nbsp; 2011: A new occurrence of toxodonts in the Pleistocene of M&eacute;xico.- Current Res. in the Pleistocene, 28: 29-30.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988220&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200092&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">S&Aacute;NCHEZ-VILLAGRA, M.R. &amp; SCHEYER, T.M., 2010: Fossil turtles from the northern Neotropics: the urumaco sequence fauna and finds from other localities&nbsp; in&nbsp; Venezuela&nbsp; and&nbsp; Colombia.- En:&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M.R., AGUILERA,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O.A.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CARLINI, A.A. (eds): urumaco and Venezuelan Palaeontology. The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics.- Indiana university Press, Bloomington: 173-191.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988221&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200093&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">S&Aacute;NCHEZ-VILLAGRA,&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;M.R.,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ASHER, R.J., RINC&Oacute;N, A.D., CARLINI, A., MEYLAN,&nbsp; P.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; PuRDY,&nbsp; W.,&nbsp; 2004: New&nbsp; faunal&nbsp; reports&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; cerro&nbsp; La Cruz locality (Lower Miocene), North- Western Venezuela.- En: S&Aacute;NCHEZ- VILLAGRA,&nbsp;&nbsp; M.R.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CLACK,&nbsp;&nbsp; J.A. (eds): Fossil of the Miocene Castillo Formation, Venezuela.- Contributions on Neotropical Paleontol. Spec. Papers in Paleontol. 71: 105-112.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988222&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200094&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SCILLATO-YAN&Eacute;, G.J., CARLINI, A.A., TONNI,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E.P.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NORIEGA,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; J.I., 2005: Paleobiogeography of the late Pleistocene pampatheres of South America.- J. South American Earth Sciences, 20: 131&#8211;138.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988223&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200095&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SIMPSON, G.G., 1956: Zoogeography of West Indian Land Mammals.- Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1759: 1-28.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988224&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200096&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SLAUGHTER, R.H., 1981: A new genus of geomyid rodent from the Miocene of Texas and Panama. &#8211; J. Vert. Paleontol. 1: 111&#8211;115.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988225&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200097&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SOIBELZON,&nbsp; L.H.,&nbsp; TONNI,&nbsp; E.P.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; BOND, M., 2005: The fossil record of the South American Short-faced bears (ursidae, Tremarctinae).- J. South Amer. Earth Sciences, 20: 105-113.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988226&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200098&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SOIBELZON, L.H., ROMERO, M., AGUILAR, D. &amp; TARTARINI, V., 2008: A Blancan (Pliocene) short-faced bear from El Salvador and its implications for Tremarctines in South America.- N. Jb. Geol. Pal&auml;ont. Abh 250(1): 1-8.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988227&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200099&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SPRECHMANN, P., ASTORGA, A., CALVO, C. &amp; FERN&Aacute;NDEZ, J.A., 1994: Stratigraphic chart of the sedimentary basins of Costa Rica, Central America.- Profil 7: 427-433.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988228&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200100&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">STIRTON, R.A. &amp; GEALEY, W.K. 1949: Reconnaissance&nbsp;&nbsp; geology&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; vertebrate paleontology of El Salvador, Central America.-&nbsp; Geol.&nbsp; Soc.&nbsp; Amer.&nbsp; Bull.&nbsp; 60:</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1731&#8211;1764.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988229&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200101&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">STRECK, M.J. &amp; GRUNDER, A.L., 1995: Crystallization&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; welding&nbsp;&nbsp; variations in a widespread ignimbrite sheet: the Rattlesnake Tuff, eastern Oregon, U.S.A.- Bull. Volcanol. 57: 151&#8211;169.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988230&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200102&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SYKES, L.R., MCCANN, W.R. &amp; KAFKA, A.L., 1982: Motion of the Caribbean Plate during the last 7 million years and implications for earlier Cenozoic movements.- J. Geophys. Res. 87(10): 656-676.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988231&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200103&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">TEDFORD, R.H., GALUSHA, T., SKINNER, M.F., TAYLOR, B.E., FIELDS, R.W., MACDONALD, J.R., RENSBERGER, J.M., WEBB, S.D. &amp; WHISTLER, D.P., 1987: Faunal succession and biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late oligocene through earliest Pliocene epochs) in North America.- En: WOODBURNE, M.O. (ed.): Cenozoic Mammals of NorthAmerica: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy. -<span style="text-decoration: underline;">U</span>niversity of California Press, Berkeley, 153-210.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988232&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200104&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">TEDFORD, R.H., ALBRIGHT III, L.B., BARNOSKY, A.D., FERRUSQUIA- VILLAFRANCA, I., HUNT JR., R.M., STORER, J.E., SWISHER III, C.C., VOORHIES,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M.R.,&nbsp;&nbsp; WEBB,&nbsp;&nbsp; S.D.&nbsp;&nbsp; &amp; WHISTLER, D.P., 2004: Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late oligocene through early Pliocene epochs).- En: WOODBURNE, M.O. (ed.): Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America.- Columbia univ. Press, New York, 169&#8211;231.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988233&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200105&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VALERIO, A.L., 2010: Paleontolog&iacute;a, bioestratigraf&iacute;a y paleoecolog&iacute;a de los caballos f&oacute;siles de la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute; en el cant&oacute;n de Coto Brus, Costa Rica (an&aacute;lisis basado en material dental).- 353 p&aacute;gs. univ. de Costa Rica, San Jos&eacute; (Tesis Lic).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988234&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200106&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VALERIO, A.L. &amp; LAURITO, C.A., 2011: Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmaci&oacute;n del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing &amp; White,</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 1995&nbsp; en&nbsp; la&nbsp; localidad&nbsp; de&nbsp; Buenos Aires&nbsp; de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 44: 131-139.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988235&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200107&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VALERIO, A.L. &amp; LAURITO, C.A., 2012: Cet&aacute;ceos f&oacute;siles (Mammalia, odontoceti, Eurhinodelphinoidea, n Inioidea, Physeterioidea) de la Formaci&oacute;n Curr&eacute;, Mioceno&nbsp; Superior&nbsp; (Hemphilliano&nbsp; temprano tard&iacute;o) de Costa Rica.- Rev. Geol. Am&eacute;r. Central, 46: 151-160.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988236&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200108&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VAN FRANK, R., 1957: A fossil collection from northern&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Venezuela. 1. Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata).- Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1850: 1-38.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988237&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200109&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">V&Eacute;LEZ-JUARBE, J., BROCHU, C.A. &amp; SANTOS, H., 2007: A gharial from the oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of a non-marine reptile.- Proc. of The Royal Soc. Biol Sci. 274(1615): 1245&#8211;1254.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988238&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200110&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VERZI, D.H.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; MONTALVO, C.I.,&nbsp; 2008: The&nbsp; oldest&nbsp; South American&nbsp; Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): Late&nbsp; Miocene&nbsp; faunal&nbsp; turnover&nbsp; in&nbsp; central Argentina and the Great American Biotic Interchange.- Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 267:</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> 284&#8211;291.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988239&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200111&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">VERZI, D.H., MONTALVO, C.I. &amp; DESCHAMPS, C.M., 2008: Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: evidence from rodents and taphonomy.- Geobios, 41: 145&#8211;155.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988240&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200112&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D., 1976: Mammalian faunal dynamics of the Great American Interchange.- Paleobiology, 2: 216&#8211;234.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988241&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200113&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D., 1985: Late Cenozoic mammal dispersals between the Americas.- En: STEHLI, F.G. &amp; WEBB, S.D. (eds): The Great&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;American&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Biotic&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interchange.- Topics in Geobiology, 4: 357-386.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988242&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200114&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D., 1989: Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first mylodont sloth in North America. - En: REDFORD, K.H. &amp; EISENBERG, J.F. (eds.): Advances in Neotropical Mammalogy.- The Sandhill Crane Press, 469-532.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988243&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200115&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D., 1997: The great American faunal inter-change.-&nbsp; En:&nbsp; COATES, A.G.&nbsp; (ed.): Central America: A natural&nbsp; and&nbsp; cultural history.- Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 97&#8211;122.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988244&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200116&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D., 2006: The Great American Biotic Interchange, Patterns and Processes.- Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 245&#8211;257.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988245&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200117&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D. &amp; PERRIGO, S.C., 1984: Late Cenozoic vertebrates from Honduras and El Salvador.- J. Vert. Paleontol. 4(2): 237-254.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988246&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200118&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WEBB, S.D. &amp; PERRIGO, S.C., 1985: New Megalonychid sloths from El Salvador.- En: MoNTGoMERY, G.G. (ed.): The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas.- Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, 13-120.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988247&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200119&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WHITE, J., &amp; MACPHEE, R.D.E., 2001: The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review.- En: WOODS,&nbsp; C.A. &amp; SERGILE, F.E. (eds): Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives [2&ordf; ed.]. Boca Raton, FL, 201-236.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988248&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200120&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WHITEMORE, F.C. &amp; STEWART, R.H.; 1965: Miocene mammals and Central American seaways.- Science, 148: 180-185.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988249&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200121&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WOOD, R.C. &amp; PATTERSON, B., 1973: A fossil Trionychid turtle from South America.- Brevoria, 405: 1-10.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988250&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200122&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WOODBURNE, M.O., 1969: A Late Pleistocene occurrence of the Collared Peccary, Dicotyles&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;tajacu,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guatemala.-J. Mammalogy, 50(1): 121-125.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=988251&pid=S0256-7024201200010000200123&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><br> </span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br> <a name="Correspondencia1"></a><a href="#Correspondencia2">*</a>Correspondencia: </span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">C&eacute;sar A. Laurito: </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">INA, Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. </span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, apdo. 749-1000, San Jos&eacute;. </span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Autor para contacto: cesarlaurito@ice.co.cr</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ana L. Valerio: </span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, apdo. 749-1000, San Jos&eacute;</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br> <a name="1"></a><a href="#3">1</a> INA, Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="2"></a><a  href="#4">2</a> Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, apdo. 749-1000, San Jos&eacute;</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">*Autor para contacto: cesarlaurito@ice.co.cr</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recibido: 15/03/2012 ; aceptado: 11/06/2012</span> </font></div> </div>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILAR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El armadillo gigante (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pampatheriidae) del río Tomayate, Blancano tardío-Irvingtoniano temprano, El Salvador, América Central]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>25-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALBERDI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PRADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SALAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Pleistocene gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from Peru]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neues Jarhbuch für Geologie un Paläontolgie abhandlungen]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>231</volume>
<page-range>423-452</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVARADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hallazgo de megama-míferos fósiles en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>1-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ARROYO-CABRALES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[POLACO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JOHNSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALBERDI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[The Proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGENBROAD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAYNES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JOHNSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PALOMBO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World of Elephants 2: Selected papers from the 2nd Congress, Mammoth Site of Hot Springs.-Quat. Intern.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>169-170</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUDYKO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RONOV]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[YANSHIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The history of the Earth atmosphere]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<page-range>139</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eBerlin Berlin]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CADENA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Cretaceous and Cenozoic fossil turtles from Colombia and Panama: systematic, paleontology, phylogenetical and paleobiogeographical implications]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>133</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eFlorida Florida]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[universidad de Florida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CADENA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOURQUE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLOCH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JARAMILLO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACFADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[ew Turtles (Chelonia) from the Late Eocene Through Late Miocene of the Panama Canal Basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>539-557</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CAMPBELL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEIZLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FRAILEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROMERO PITMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PROTHERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[upper Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Amazon Basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>595-598</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARLINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZURITA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILERA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[North American Glyptodontines (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in upper Pleistocene of northern SouthAmerica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Paläontologische Zeitschrift]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>125-138</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRANZA-CASTAÑEDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MILLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Late Tertiary Terrestrial Mammals from Central Mexico and their relationship to South American Inmigrants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Brasileira de Paleont]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>249-261</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CHIMENTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGNOLIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mamíferos del Pleistoceno Superior de Santiago del Estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeográficas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Papéis Avulsos Zoologia]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>83-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CISNEROS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[New Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna from El Salvador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Bras. de Paleontol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>239-255</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OBANDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The geologic evolution of the Central American isthmus]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUDD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution and environment in tropical America]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>21-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eChicago Chicago]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The univ. Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COLLINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AUBRY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERGGREN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Geology of the Darien, Panama, and the late Miocene-Pliocene collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<page-range>1327-1344</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AUBRY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERGGREN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COLLINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KUNK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Early Neogene history of the Central American arc from Bocas del Toro, western Panamá]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<page-range>271-287</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COLLINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CRONIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWSETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BYBELL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JUNG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OBANDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: The near-shore marine record of Costa Rica and western Panama]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geol. Soc. of Amer. Bull.]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>814-828</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COZZUOL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOTHÉ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AVILLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Critical apprasial of the phylogenetic proposals for the South American Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea: Mammalia)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quat. Intern.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>255</volume>
<page-range>36-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CRONIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWSETT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biotic and oceanographic response to the Pliocene closing of the Central American isthmus]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSoN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BuDD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CoATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution and Environment in Tropical America]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>76-104</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eChicago Chicago]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The univ. Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DE MUIZON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCDONALD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SALAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[URBINA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>398-410</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DE PORTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bol. de Geol. univ. Industrial de Santander]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>55-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOMNING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EMRY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORTELL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DONOVAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHINDLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>638-641</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWNING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHITE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The cingulates (Xenarthra) of Leisey Shell Pit local fauna (Irvingtonian), Hillborough County, Florida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Florida Mus. Nat. Hist.]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>375-396</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUQUE-CARO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estratigrafía, paleoceanografía y paleobiogeografía de la cuenca del Atrato y la evolución del Istmo de Panamá]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inst. Nac. Invest. Geol. Mineras. Bol. Geol]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUQUE-CARO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El Bloque Chocó en el Noroccidente Suramericano: Implicaciones estructurales, tectonoestratigráficas y paleogeográficas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inst. Nac. Invest. Geol. Mineras. Bol. Geol]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ESPINOSA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Excavaciones arqueológicas en &#8220;El Bosque&#8221;]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<page-range>70</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eManagua Managua]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Geográfico Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRETTI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUCAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MORGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SPIELMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PROTHERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull.Neogene Mammals]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>381-391</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRUSQUIA-VILLAFRANCA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mexico&#8217;s Middle Miocene mammalian assemblages: An overview]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FLYNN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.Vertebrate Fossils and Their Context: Contributions in Honor of Richard H. Tedford]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>279</volume>
<page-range>321-347</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FLYNN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KOWALLIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NUÑEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRANZA-CASTAÑEDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MILLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SWISHER III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LINDSAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Geochronology of Hemphillian-Blancan aged strata, Guanajuato, Mexico, and implications for timing of the Great American Biotic Interchange]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Geol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<page-range>287-307</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GAZIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Exploration for the remains of giant ground sloths in Panama]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<month>19</month>
<day>56</day>
<page-range>314-354</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRAHAM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Studies in Neotropical Paleobotany: X. The Pliocene communities of Panama: composition, numerical representations, and paleocommunity paleoenvironmental reconstructions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>465-475</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRAHAM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DILCHER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Studies in Neotropical Paleobotany: . A Palynoflora from the Pliocene Rio Banano Formation of Costa Rica and the Neogene Vegetation of Mesoamerica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. J. of Botany]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1426-1438</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUSSONE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EISENHAUER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TIEDEMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAUG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEUSER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NÄGLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MÜLLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reconstruction of Caribbean Sea surface temperature and salinity fluctuations in response to the Pliocene closure of the Central American Gateway and radiative forcing, using &#948;44/40 Ca, &#948;18 o and Mg/Ca ratios]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<month>20</month>
<day>04</day>
<volume>227</volume>
<page-range>201-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAQ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HARDENBOL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VAIL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILGUS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HASTINGS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KENDALL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.G.ST.C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[POSAMENTIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROSS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VAN WAGONER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SEPM Spec. PublSea Level Changes: An Integrated Approach]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>71-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAUG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TIEDEMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZAHN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RAVELO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Role of Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>207-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEAD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RAZA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GINGERICH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Drazinderetes tethyensis: a new large trionychid (Reptilia:Testudines) from the marine Eocene Drazinda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Contrib. from the Mus. of Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>199-214</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Univ. of Michigan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HEAD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILERA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SÁNCHEZ- VILLAGRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Past colonization of South America by trionychid turtles: Fossil evidence from the Neogene of Margarita Island, Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Herpetology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>380-383</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HELGEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Taxonomic status and conservation relevance of the raccoons (Procyon spp.) of the West Indies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Zoology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>259</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>69-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HIRSCHFELD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pliometanastes protistus (Edentata, Megalonychidae) from Knight&#8217;s Ferry, California, with discussions of early Hemphillian megalonychidos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PaleoBios]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HIRSCHFELD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ground sloths from the Friasian La Venta Fauna, with additions to the pre-Friasian Coyaima Fauna of Colombia, South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Univ. of California Publications, Geol. Sci]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<page-range>1-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HIRSCHFELD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[PIio-Pleistocene megalonychid sloths of North America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. of the Fla. State Mus. Biol. Sci.]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>213-296</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HORNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Mid Cretaceous ornithopode from Central Honduras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>147-150</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ITURRALDE-VINNENT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Implications for Cenozoic Biogeography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[. of the Amer. Mus. of Natural History]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>238</volume>
<page-range>1-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUDD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution and Environment: Introduction and overview]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUDD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution and Environment in Tropical America]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>1-20</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[The Univ. of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Problems in the Land Vertebrate Zoogeography of Certain Islands and the Swimming Powers of Elephants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Biogeography]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>383-398</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Human Evol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>161-199</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KEIGWIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.D., Jr.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: role of Panama uplift in late Neogene time]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>217</volume>
<page-range>350-353</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KELLOGG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VEGA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tectonic development of Panama, Costa Rica and the Colombian Andes: Constraints from Global Positioning System geodetic studies and gravity]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. paperGeologic and Tectonic Development of the Caribbean Plate Boundary in Southern Central America]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>295</volume>
<page-range>75-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KIRBY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.B.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Extinction of a fast-growing oyster and changing ocean circulation in Pliocene tropical America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>1025-1028</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KIRBY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACFADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Was southern Central America an archipelago or a peninsula in the middle Miocene? A test using land-mammal body size]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>228</volume>
<page-range>193-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis topológico y sistemático del Toxodonte de Bajo de los Barrantes, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>61-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los seláceos fósiles de la localidad de Alto Guayacán (y otros ictiolitos asociados), Mioceno Superior-Plioceno Inferior de la Formación uscari, provincia de Limón, Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>168</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILAR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El registro de Mammuthus (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) en la República de El Salvador, América Central]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34-35</volume>
<page-range>73-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los caballos fósiles de la Formación Curré, cantón de Coto Brus, Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>131</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eSan José San José]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mus. Nac.Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PÉREZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los xenarthras fósiles de la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares (Blancano tardío-Irvingtoniano temprano), provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>83-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GÓMEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MEAD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PÉREZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PÉREZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Trionychidae (Reptilia: Testudines, Cryptodira) from the Pliocene of Costa Rica, Southern Central America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>7-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEIDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Toxodon and other remains from Nicaragua, C.A.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. of the Academy of Natural Sciences]]></source>
<year>1886</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>275-277</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUCAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVARADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El hallazgo más austral de Mammut americanum: el caso del mastodonte de San Pedro Sula, Honduras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>85-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LUCAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVARADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VEGA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Pleistocene mammals of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>413-427</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACFADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRANZA- CASTAÑEDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LINDSAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Early Pliocene (latest Hemphillian) horses from the Yepómera Local Fauna,Chihuahua,Mexico]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>33-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACFADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KIRBY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MONTES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MORON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STRONG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JARAMILLO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Extinct peccary &#8220;Cynorca&#8221; occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>288-</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[&#8216;First&#8217; appearances in the Cenozoic land-mammal record of the Greater Antilles: significance and comparison with South American and Antarctic records]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Biogeography]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>551-564</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ITURRALDE- VINENT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[First Tertiary land mammal from Greater Antilles: an Early Miocene sloth (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from Cuba]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. Mus. Novitates]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>3094</volume>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ITURRALDE-VINENT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[origin of the Greater Antillean land mammal fauna, 1: new Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. Mus. Novitates]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>3141</volume>
<page-range>1-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ITURRALDE-VINENT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GAFFNEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[de Zaza, an Early Miocene vertebrate locality in south-central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. Mus. Novitates]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>3394</volume>
<page-range>1-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCDONALD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Paleoecology of the extinct Xenarthras and The Great American Biotic Interchange]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HuLBERT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MoRGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BASKING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. HistCenozoic Vertebrates of the Americas: Paper to Honor David S. Webb]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>319-340</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCDONALD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NAPLES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chapter 10: Xenarthra]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JANIS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUNNELL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[UHEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>147-160</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCGREW]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Special correspondence: Field Museum Paleontological expedition to Honduras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1942</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<page-range>85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MONTELLANO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARRANZA- CASTAÑEDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Descripción de un milodóntido del Blancano temprano de la Mesa Central de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Univ. Nac. Autónoma de México]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>193-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MORGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Florida Mus. Nat. Hist.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>271-311</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MOTHÉ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AVILLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.S.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COZZUOL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WINCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[en prensa: Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quat. Intern]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[É.V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FRANCA-barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DA SILVA ALVES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aspectos sistemáticos, paleobiogeográficos e paleoclimáticos dos mamíferos quaternários de Fazenda Nova Gaea]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Geoscience]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>75-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCGREW]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.o]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mammalian fauna from the Pliocene of Honduras]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer]]></source>
<year>1941</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>1219-1244</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PARDIÑAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.F.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;ELÍA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ORTIZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sigmodontinos fósiles (Rodentia, Muroidea, Sigmodontinae) de América del Sur; estado actual de su conocimiento y prospectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mastozoología Neotropical]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>209-252</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PASCUAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution and geography: The Biogeographic History of South American Land Mammals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>209-230</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PATTERSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PASCUAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution of mammals on southern continents: The fossil mammal fauna of South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Rev. of Biol.]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>409-451</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PATTERSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PASCUAL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The fossil mammal fauna of South America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KEAST]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ERK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GLASS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolution, Mammals, and Southern Continents]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<page-range>247-309</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eAlbany Albany]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[State univ. New York Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINDELL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DONOVAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[POLACO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUZMÁN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAPIA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[occurrence of Toxodonts in the Pleistocene of México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Res. in the Pleistocene]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>113-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORPINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. DE O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNICOLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERQVIST]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bol. de ResumosPachyarmatherium (Xenarthra, Cingulata) remains from the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern Brazil and its phylogenetic affinities]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Paleontología de Vertebrados]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>163-164</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ribeirão Preto ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[USP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORPINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. DE O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNICOLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERQVIST]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A new species of Pachyarmatherium (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Pleistocene of northeastern Brazil and its phylogenetic affinities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORPINO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. DE O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNICOLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERQVIST]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A new Cingulate (Mammalia: Xenarthra), Pachyarmatherium brasiliense sp. nov. from the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern Brazil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>881-893</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PRITCHARD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evolution and zoogeography of South American turtles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studia Geologica Salmanticensia]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>225-233</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PROTHERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HOFFMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FOSS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Magnetic stratigraphy of the upper Miocene (Hemphillian) Rattlesnake Formation, Central Oregon]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PaleoBios]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>37-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REIG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[un mustélido del género Galictis del Eocuartario de la Provincia de Buenos Aires]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ameghiniana]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>33-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REIG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Roedores cricétidos del Plioceno Superior de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Publicaciones del Mus. Municipal de Cien. Naturales «Lorenzo Scaglia»]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>164-190</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REIG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoría y desarrollo de la fauna de mamíferos de América del Sur]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<page-range>162</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[New remains of Mixotoxodon larensis Van Frank 1957 (Mammalia: Notoungulata) from Mene de Inciarte tar pit, North-Western Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Interciencia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>894-899</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHITE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los Xenarthra Cingulata del Pleistoceno tardío (Lujanense) de Cerro Misión, Estado de Falcón, Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Venezolana Espeleol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>2-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLOCH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACFADDEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SUAREZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JARAMILLO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[New Floridatragulines (Mammalia, Camelidae) from the Early Miocene Las Cascadas Formation, Panama]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleont.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>456-475.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROBINSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Early Tertiary larger foraminifera and platform carbonates of the northern Caribbean]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARKER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy & Natural Resources DivisionTransactions of the 11th Caribbean Geological Conference]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<page-range>501-512</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODRIGUES DO NASCIMENTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os Xenarthra Pilosa (Megatheriidae), Notoungulata (Toxodontidae) e Proboscidea (Gomphotheriidae) da formação Rio Madeira, Pleistoceno Superior, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODRÍGUEZ-DE LA ROSA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUZMÁN- GUTIÉRREZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ORTEGA- HURTADO DE MENDOZA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A new occurrence of toxodonts in the Pleistocene of México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Res. in the Pleistocene]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>29-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SÁNCHEZ-VILLAGRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHEYER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fossil turtles from the northern Neotropics: the urumaco sequence fauna and finds from other localities in Venezuela and Colombia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILERA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARLINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Urumaco and Venezuelan Palaeontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>173-191</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bloomington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana university Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SÁNCHEZ-VILLAGRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ASHER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RINCÓN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARLINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MEYLAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PuRDY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[New faunal reports for the cerro La Cruz locality (Lower Miocene), North- Western Venezuela]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SÁNCHEZ- VILLAGRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CLACK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contributions on Neotropical Paleontol. Spec. Papers in PaleontolFossil of the Miocene Castillo Formation, Venezuela]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<page-range>105-112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCILLATO-YANÉ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARLINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TONNI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[NORIEGA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Paleobiogeography of the late Pleistocene pampatheres of South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. South American Earth Sciences]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>131-138</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SIMPSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Zoogeography of West Indian Land Mammals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. Mus. Novitates]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
<volume>1759</volume>
<page-range>1-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B97">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SLAUGHTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A new genus of geomyid rodent from the Miocene of Texas and Panama]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>111-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B98">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOIBELZON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TONNI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOND]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The fossil record of the South American Short-faced bears (ursidae, Tremarctinae)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. South Amer. Earth Sciences]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>105-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B99">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOIBELZON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROMERO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AGUILAR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TARTARINI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Blancan (Pliocene) short-faced bear from El Salvador and its implications for Tremarctines in South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>250</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B100">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SPRECHMANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ASTORGA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CALVO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERNÁNDEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Stratigraphic chart of the sedimentary basins of Costa Rica, Central America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profil]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>427-433</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B101">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STIRTON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GEALEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reconnaissance geology and vertebrate paleontology of El Salvador, Central America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull]]></source>
<year>1949</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>1731-1764</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B102">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STRECK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRUNDER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Crystallization and welding variations in a widespread ignimbrite sheet: the Rattlesnake Tuff, eastern Oregon, U.S.A.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull. Volcanol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>151-169</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B103">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SYKES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MCCANN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KAFKA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Motion of the Caribbean Plate during the last 7 million years and implications for earlier Cenozoic movements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Geophys. Res.]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>656-676</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B104">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TEDFORD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GALUSHA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SKINNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAYLOR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FIELDS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACDONALD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RENSBERGER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHISTLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Faunal succession and biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late oligocene through earliest Pliocene epochs) in North America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOODBURNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cenozoic Mammals of NorthAmerica: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<page-range>153-210</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B105">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TEDFORD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALBRIGHT III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARNOSKY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRUSQUIA- VILLAFRANCA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUNT JR.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STORER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SWISHER III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VOORHIES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHISTLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (Late oligocene through early Pliocene epochs)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOODBURNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>169-231</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[^eNew York New York]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B106">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Paleontología, bioestratigrafía y paleoecología de los caballos fósiles de la Formación Curré en el cantón de Coto Brus, Costa Rica (análisis basado en material dental)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>353</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B107">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Nuevos hallazgos de Mammalia, Xenarthra (Cingulata) y confirmación del registro de Pachyarmatherium leiseyi Downing & White, 1995 en la localidad de Buenos Aires de Palmares, provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>131-139</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B108">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VALERIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAURITO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cetáceos fósiles (Mammalia, odontoceti, Eurhinodelphinoidea, n Inioidea, Physeterioidea) de la Formación Curré, Mioceno Superior (Hemphilliano temprano tardío) de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Geol. Amér. Central]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>151-160</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B109">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VAN FRANK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A fossil collection from northern Venezuela: 1. Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer. Mus. Novitates]]></source>
<year>1957</year>
<month>18</month>
<day>50</day>
<page-range>1-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B110">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VÉLEZ-JUARBE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BROCHU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SANTOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A gharial from the oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of a non-marine reptile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. of The Royal Soc. Biol Sci.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>274</volume>
<numero>1615</numero>
<issue>1615</issue>
<page-range>1245-1254</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B111">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VERZI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MONTALVO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The oldest South American Cricetidae (Rodentia) and Mustelidae (Carnivora): Late Miocene faunal turnover in central Argentina and the Great American Biotic Interchange]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>284-291</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B112">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VERZI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MONTALVO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DESCHAMPS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: evidence from rodents and taphonomy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geobios]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>145-155</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B113">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mammalian faunal dynamics of the Great American Interchange]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Paleobiology]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>216-234</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B114">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Late Cenozoic mammal dispersals between the Americas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STEHLI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Topics in GeobiologyThe Great American Biotic Interchange]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>357-386</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B115">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first mylodont sloth in North America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REDFoRD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EISENBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Sandhill Crane PressAdvances in Neotropical Mammalogy]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>469-532</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B116">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The great American faunal inter-change]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COATES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central America: A natural and cultural history]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>97-122</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven^eConnecticut Connecticut]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale Univ. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B117">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Great American Biotic Interchange, Patterns and Processes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>245-257.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B118">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PERRIGO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Late Cenozoic vertebrates from Honduras and El Salvador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Vert. Paleontol]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>237-254</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B119">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WEBB]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PERRIGO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[New Megalonychid sloths from El Salvador]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MoNTGoMERY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Smithsonian Institution PressThe Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<page-range>13-120</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B120">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHITE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MACPHEE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOODS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SERGILE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<edition>2ª</edition>
<page-range>201-236</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boca Raton^eFL FL]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B121">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHITEMORE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STEWART]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Miocene mammals and Central American seaways]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>148</volume>
<page-range>180-185</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B122">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOOD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PATTERSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A fossil Trionychid turtle from South America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brevoria]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>405</volume>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B123">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WOODBURNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Late Pleistocene occurrence of the Collared Peccary, Dicotyles tajacu, in Guatemala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Mammalogy]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>121-125</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
