<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0253-2948</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cienc. méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29482001000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cierre Asistido con Presión Negativa (VAC), en el tratamiento de esternotomía infectada: primer caso en Latinoamérica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizondo Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pucci Coronado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto- Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Longino]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,CCSS Hospital México Clínica de Heridas, Servicio y Cátedra Dermatología- Alergología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,CCSS Hospital México 2Servicio y Cátedra de Cirugía de Tórax y Cardiovascular]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29482001000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Una nueva técnica utilizando el cierre asistido con vacío o presión negativa (VAC, por sus siglas en inglés) se utilizó exitosamente en un paciente masculino de 57 años, con una herida de esternotomía dehiscente e infectada. Posterior a su desbridamiento y drenaje de absceso, el tratamiento regular con gasa iodoformada que utilizó por 10 días, fue sustituido con la aplicación de presión negativa con succión controlada durante 7 días. Esta novedosa técnica, para el cierre de heridas, utilizada por primera vez en Latinoamérica, en este tipo de lesión, hizo posible reducir el tiempo de cicatrización y los costos hospitalarios inherentes a este tipo de complicación infecciosa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A new technique using vacuum assisted closure (VAC) was succesfully applied to a 57 year old, male patient, with a dehisced infected sternotomy wound. After debridment and abscess drainage, a standard treatment with iodorform gauze strip was applied during 10 days, then it was substituted with by the application of negative pressure by controlled suction through a porous derssing, during 7 days. This novel technique, the first time applied in Latinamerica in this kind of lesion, has made possible to reduce healing time and hospital costs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cierre asistido con presión negativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[costos de hospitalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vacuum assisted closure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hospital costs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Casos Cl&iacute;nicos</FONT></B>     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Cierre Asistido con Presi&oacute;n Negativa (VAC), en el tratamiento de esternotom&iacute;a infectada.</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Primer caso en Latinoam&eacute;rica.</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><B><FONT SIZE=-1>Jorge Elizondo Almeida<A NAME="¹"></A></FONT></B><A HREF="#1a">&sup1;</A><B><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Juan Pucci Coronado<A NAME="²"></A></FONT></B><A HREF="#2a">&sup2;</A><B><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Longino Soto- Pacheco<A NAME="²b"></A></FONT></B><A HREF="#2a">&sup2;</A></FONT></CENTER>       <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Resumen</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Una nueva t&eacute;cnica utilizando el cierre asistido con vac&iacute;o o presi&oacute;n negativa (VAC, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s) se utiliz&oacute; exitosamente en un paciente masculino de 57 a&ntilde;os, con una herida de esternotom&iacute;a dehiscente e infectada. Posterior a su desbridamiento y drenaje de absceso, el tratamiento regular con gasa iodoformada que utiliz&oacute; por 10 d&iacute;as, fue sustituido con la aplicaci&oacute;n de presi&oacute;n negativa con succi&oacute;n controlada durante 7 d&iacute;as. Esta novedosa t&eacute;cnica, para el cierre de heridas, utilizada por primera vez en Latinoam&eacute;rica, en este tipo de lesi&oacute;n, hizo posible reducir el tiempo de cicatrizaci&oacute;n y los costos hospitalarios inherentes a este tipo de complicaci&oacute;n infecciosa.(</FONT><I><FONT SIZE=-2>Rev Cost Cienc Med 2001; 22(1,2):59-64)</FONT></I></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Palabras clave</FONT></FONT></B>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Cierre asistido con presi&oacute;n negativa, costos de hospitalizaci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Abstract</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A new technique using vacuum assisted closure (VAC) was succesfully applied to a 57 year old, male patient, with a dehisced infected sternotomy wound. After debridment and abscess drainage, a standard treatment with iodorform gauze strip was applied during 10 days, then it was substituted with by the application of negative pressure by controlled suction through a porous derssing, during 7 days. This novel technique, the first time applied in Latinamerica in this kind of lesion, has made possible to reduce healing time and hospital costs.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Key Words</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Vacuum assisted closure, hospital costs</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Introducci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los procesos infecciosos de la esternotom&iacute;a luego de cirug&iacute;a cardiaca, pueden involucrar no solo a la piel y tejidos blandos, sino tambi&eacute;n hueso esternal y mediastino. La incidencia de procesos infecciosos en este tipo de heridas oscila entre el 1 al 5 % <A HREF="#img1">(1)</A>. Su manejo depende de la severidad de la infecci&oacute;n, necesitando en ocasiones lavados quir&uacute;rgicos repetidos, desbridaci&oacute;n, drenaje de abscesos, irrigaciones, nueva sutura o cirug&iacute;a reconstructiva. El manejo tradicional posee un resultado en ocasiones incierto, comprometiendo al paciente y prolongando su estancia hospitalaria. La mortalidad en casos donde se progresa a mediastinitis puede llegar al 40 % <A HREF="#autor1">(1)</A>.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El uso de cierre asistido de heridas con presi&oacute;n subatmosf&eacute;rica o presi&oacute;n negativa, que por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s tambi&eacute;n se le conoce como VAC, ha sido empleado para el manejo de heridas esternales infectadas o en casos de mediastinitis en el Reino Unido y en Holanda <A HREF="#autor2.">(2</A><A HREF="#autor3">,3)</A>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se describe el primer paciente en Latinoam&eacute;rica, donde se utiliza esta terapia, en una herida esternal dehiscente e infectada.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Presentaci&oacute;n del caso</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Paciente masculino, de 57 a&ntilde;os de edad, con antecedente de tabaquismo moderado, hipertensi&oacute;n arterial de 10 a&ntilde;os de evoluci&oacute;n, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de tres a&ntilde;os de evoluci&oacute;n y cardiopat&iacute;a isqu&eacute;mica documentada por ecocardiograma, que mostr&oacute; una hipertrofia exc&eacute;ntrica moderada de ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo, con una fracci&oacute;n de eyecci&oacute;n del 55 % en reposo, insuficiencia mitral moderada con mega atrio izquierdo, estenosis de v&aacute;lvula a&oacute;rtica leve calcificada e hipoquinesia leve apical y confirmada por cateterismo cardiaco que evidenci&oacute; enfermedad severa de tres vasos.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Este paciente fue sometido a un tetrabypass coronario. Egres&oacute; del hospital siete d&iacute;as despu&eacute;s, para una semana despu&eacute;s con historia de supuraci&oacute;n a trav&eacute;s del tercio inferior de la herida quir&uacute;rgica, document&aacute;ndose absceso en tejidos blandos. Se realiz&oacute; un lavado quir&uacute;rgico y drenaje de colecci&oacute;n de la herida quir&uacute;rgica. (<A HREF="#img1">Figura 1 A</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A su ingreso se realizaron curaciones con irrigaciones con yodo y agua oxigenada y posteriormente empacamiento con gasa yodoformada.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se observ&oacute; cocos gram-positivos en el frotis de la herida y se aisl&oacute; <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> sensible solo a vancomicina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina y levofloxacina. Se trat&oacute; con vancomicina, y gentamicina por siete d&iacute;as. La cobertura previa se sustituy&oacute; por rifampicina por deterioro de la funci&oacute;n renal del paciente, manteni&eacute;ndose el antibi&oacute;tico por siete d&iacute;as m&aacute;s.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Diez d&iacute;as despu&eacute;s, al continuar la herida con secresi&oacute;n sero-sanguinolenta y mucha fibrina en su base, se decidi&oacute; utilizar el VAC (<A HREF="#img1">Figura 1 B</A>). Luego de que el paciente dio su consentimiento, se inici&oacute; la terapia con presi&oacute;n negativa a 125 mm Hg de presi&oacute;n continua, con cambio de esponjas cada 48 horas, debido a que el tejido blando perilesional no mostraba actividad inflamatoria o infecciosa franca. La dimensi&oacute;n original de la herida fue de 9 cm. x 2 cm., con una profundidad de 5,5 cm.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La tomograf&iacute;a axial computada no revel&oacute; colecci&oacute;n mediastinal (<A HREF="#img1">Figura 1 C</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los ex&aacute;menes de laboratorio del paciente a su ingreso mostraron una concentraci&oacute;n de hemoglobina (Hb) de 9,3 g/dl, el hematocrito (Hto) de 27,7 %, glicemia de 123 mg/dl, creatinina de 1,3 mg/dl, el hemograma mostr&oacute; 10,500 leucocitos /mm</FONT><SUP><FONT SIZE=-2>3</FONT></SUP><FONT SIZE=-1>, con diferencial normal. Los hemocultivos tomados a las 24 y 48 horas de su admisi&oacute;n al hospital resultaron negativos. Luego de una transfusi&oacute;n la Hb subi&oacute; a 11,8 g/dl y el Hto a 36 %.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El paciente complet&oacute; 145,3 horas de terapia VAC, obteni&eacute;ndose 275 ml de l&iacute;quido sero-sanguinolento en los recipientes de recolecci&oacute;n que se cambiaron cada 48 horas. La dimensi&oacute;n final de la herida fue de 8 cm x 2 cm x 4,5 cm. y el paciente no refiri&oacute; ning&uacute;n tipo de inconveniente por el uso de la presi&oacute;n negativa, que incluso le permit&iacute;a estar sentado dentro de la misma habitaci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A los siete d&iacute;as de terapia VAC se realiz&oacute; el cierre terciario de la herida sin complicaciones (<A HREF="#img1">Figura 1 E</A>). El paciente egresa al d&iacute;a siguiente de haberse suturado, quince d&iacute;as despu&eacute;s de haber ingresado. Recibi&oacute; cobertura antibi&oacute;tica adicional a base de ciprofloxacina por 10 d&iacute;as, al cabo de los cuales se retiraron las suturas. El seguimiento del paciente al mes de su egreso, no mostr&oacute; ninguna complicaci&oacute;n, obteni&eacute;ndose un adecuado cierre de la herida.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Discusi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El cierre asistido de una herida o VAC por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s, se desarroll&oacute; en Carolina del Norte, USA, por los doctores Louis Argenta y Michael Morykwas, quienes originalmente lo utilizaron solo en &uacute;lceras cr&oacute;nicas. Su uso se hizo frecuente en Europa en 1994 y se introdujo a Estados Unidos en 1995, con la aprobaci&oacute;n de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA). En el a&ntilde;o 2000 el sistema de seguridad social norteamericano: el Medicare, lo aprob&oacute; para su uso en ese pa&iacute;s.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En Latinoam&eacute;rica, Costa Rica ha sido el pa&iacute;s que ha asumido el liderazgo en el uso del VAC, utiliz&aacute;ndolo desde finales del 2000 en pacientes con heridas quir&uacute;rgicas abdominales dehiscentes, en pie diab&eacute;tico, en &uacute;lceras venosas y en pacientes politraumatizados con heridas agudas infectadas.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La terapia VAC esta indicada en heridas cr&oacute;nicas donde han fracasado otras alternativas terap&eacute;uticas, en heridas cr&oacute;nicas venosas, arteriales de presi&oacute;n o neurop&aacute;ticas <A HREF="#autor4.">(4-</A><A HREF="#autor6">6)</A>. Tambi&eacute;n se puede utilizar en heridas agudas o subagudas <A HREF="#autor7.">(7</A><A HREF="#autor8">,8)</A>, incluyendo quemaduras <A HREF="#autor9">(9)</A>, heridas dehiscentes <A HREF="#autor10">(10</A><A HREF="#autor11">,11)</A>, injertos cut&aacute;neos <A HREF="#12">(12</A>,<A HREF="#autor13.">13</A>), heridas infectadas (<A HREF="#autor14.">14,</A><A HREF="#autor15.">15)</A> y en pie diab&eacute;tico <A HREF="#autor16">(16)</A>. Esta contraindicada en osteomielitis no tratada, sobre arterias o venas expuestas o en presencia de tejido necr&oacute;tico. En c&aacute;ncer o en f&iacute;stulas se recomienda precauci&oacute;n y criterio m&eacute;dico. Tambi&eacute;n se debe tener precauci&oacute;n en casos con sangrado activo, pacientes con terapia anticoagulante o donde sea dif&iacute;cil obtener hemostasia.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Mecanismo de acci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El sistema VAC consta de una esponja reticulada que se recorta al tama&ntilde;o de la herida, donde se inserta un tubo no colapsable que provee la presi&oacute;n negativa desde una bomba de presi&oacute;n negativa (vac&iacute;o). Un reservorio recibe el exceso de fluido extra&iacute;do de la herida. La presi&oacute;n negativa se puede regular en ciclos continuos o intermitentes y en un &aacute;mbito de presi&oacute;n que se ajusta al tipo y caracter&iacute;sticas de la lesi&oacute;n. La presi&oacute;n subatmosf&eacute;rica (negativa) se distribuye homog&eacute;neamente en toda la herida, lo que permite remover el exceso de fluido del espacio intersticial de la herida, permitiendo un mayor flujo a trav&eacute;s de los vasos comprimidos por este exceso de fluido. La remoci&oacute;n del exudado cr&oacute;nico de la herida, es un proceso beneficioso, ya que remueve metalo-proteinasas o factores inhibitorios de la cicatrizaci&oacute;n <A HREF="#autor17">(17)</A>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Este sistema disminuye la colonizaci&oacute;n bacteriana. Se ha demostrado que el tratamiento con presi&oacute;n negativa en el lecho de la herida reduce la carga bacteriana de heridas infectadas deliberadamente, en m&aacute;s de 1 000 veces en cuatro d&iacute;as <A HREF="#autor4.">(4)</A>. El sistema favorece la contracci&oacute;n de la herida y hay un aumento en la proliferaci&oacute;n celular y en la s&iacute;ntesis proteica al modificarse el cito-esqueleto celular por alteraci&oacute;n en los puentes de integrinas intercelulares debido a las fuerzas mec&aacute;nicas de estiramiento por la presi&oacute;n negativa que sufre la herida <A HREF="#autor18.">(18</A><A HREF="#autor20.">-20</A>). Tambi&eacute;n provee un ambiente h&uacute;medo propicio para la cicatrizaci&oacute;n y protege de contaminaci&oacute;n externa y puede permitir la reducci&oacute;n de medicamentos contra el dolor.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El VAC en heridas esternales dehiscentes debe de utilizarse en la modalidad de ciclo continuo a 125 mmHg con la esponja de poliuretano, cambiando la esponja cada 48 horas (o cada 12 horas cuando la herida este francamente infectada).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Este caso ilustra no solo el resultado sorprendente en preparar la herida para el cierre terciario quir&uacute;rgico, sino tambi&eacute;n la reducci&oacute;n en el tiempo de resoluci&oacute;n del proceso infeccioso y consecuentemente en los costos de atenci&oacute;n, tal y como ha sido descrito por otros autores <A HREF="#autor21.">(21)</A>. De esta forma, el paciente en aproximadamente una semana de utilizar el sistema de presi&oacute;n negativa pudo ser egresado, evitando los costos de estancias hospitalarias prolongadas que generalmente producen este tipo de lesiones, disminuyendo tambi&eacute;n el riesgo de infecci&oacute;n intrahospitalaria, al egresar tempranamente al paciente.</FONT></FONT>     <CENTER><A NAME="img1"></A><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/rccm/v22n1-2/1052i1.GIF" HEIGHT=611 WIDTH=472></CENTER> &nbsp;     
<BR>&nbsp;     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Referencias</FONT></FONT></B>      <!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor1"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1.Raudat C.W, Pagel J, Woodhall D et al. Early intervention and aggressive management of infected median sternotomy incision: a review of 2242 open-heart procedures. <I>Am Surg</I> 1997; 63: 238-241.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777324&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor2."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2.Tang A, Ohri S and Haw M. Novel application of vacuum assisted closure technique to the treatment of sternotomy wound infection. <I>Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol</I> 2000; 17: 482-84.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777325&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor3"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3.Obdeijn M, Lange M, Lichtendahl D, et al . Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis. <I>Ann Thorac Surg</I> 1999; 68: 2358-60.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777326&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor4."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4.Morykwas M. J, Argenta L.C, Shelton-Brown E, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. <I>Ann Plast Surg</I> 1997; 38:553-562.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777327&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor5"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5.Morykwas M.J, Argenta. 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Mechanical Forces and their second Messengers in Stimulating Cell Growth in Vitro. <I>Am J Physiol</I> 1992; 262: R350-355.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777342&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="autor20."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>20.Sadoshima J, Jahn L, Toshiyuki T, Kulik T.J, Izumo S. 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The Clinical and Cost Effectiveness of Externally Applied Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Treatment of Wounds in Home Healthcare Medicare Patients. <I>Ostomy/Wound Management</I> 1999;45 (11):41-50.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=777344&pid=S0253-2948200100010000600021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P><A NAME="1a"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><SUP><FONT SIZE=-2><A HREF="#¹">1</A></FONT></SUP><FONT SIZE=-1> Cl&iacute;nica de Heridas, Servicio y C&aacute;tedra Dermatolog&iacute;a- Alergolog&iacute;a,</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Hospital M&eacute;xico; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Correspondencia: e-mail: <FONT COLOR="#808000"><A HREF="mailto:jelizond@racsa.co.cr">jelizond@racsa.co.cr</A></FONT> Fax: (506) 232 0473</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR>&nbsp;     <BR><A NAME="2a"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><SUP><FONT SIZE=-2><A HREF="#²">2</A></FONT></SUP><FONT SIZE=-1>Servicio y C&aacute;tedra de Cirug&iacute;a de T&oacute;rax y Cardiovascular, Hospital M&eacute;xico;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body><back>
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