<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0253-2948</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cienc. méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481998000300011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Lesión ósea renal e hiperparatiroidismo secundario]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herra-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez-Orellanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aly]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital San Juan de Dios Servicio de Nefrología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciencias Médicas Cátedra de Medicina Interna ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santo Domingo ]]></addr-line>
<country>República Dominicana</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<fpage>225</fpage>
<lpage>231</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481998000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presentan los datos de 40 pacientes, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica, atendidos en el Servicio de Nefrología y la Unidad de Hemodiálisis del Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica, de enero a junio de 1997. De ellos 9 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en etapa prediálisis, 7 casos en terapia de hemodiálisis y 24 pacientes postrasplante renal, analizando la incidencia y severidad del daño óseo, la repercusión sobre las paratiroides y el daño renal secundario al hiperparatiroidismo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A study of 40 patients with chronic renal failure, is presented. All were attendedat in the Nephrology Service and Hemodialysis Unit of Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica, between january and june 1997. Nine of the cases did not receive dialysis therapy support, seven hemodialysis treatment and twenty-four patients were post kidney transplant. Incidence and severity of bone disease, repercussion on parathyroid glands and kidney disease secondary to hyperparathyroidism are analyzed.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hiperparatiroidismo secundario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[osteodistrofia renal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[insuficiencia renal crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[parathormona]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trasplante renal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Secondary Hyperparathyroidism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bone disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[renal osteodystrophia in chronic renal failure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[kidney transplantation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parathormone]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea renal e hiperparatiroidismo secundario</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>      <CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Sergio A. Herra-S&aacute;nchez<A NAME="*a"></A><A HREF="#*">*</A>,&nbsp; Aly Alvarez-Orellanos&nbsp;<A NAME="**a"></A><A HREF="#**">**</A></FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>       <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">&nbsp;</FONT></B>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Resumen</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se presentan los datos de 40 pacientes, portadores de insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, atendidos en el Servicio de Nefrolog&iacute;a y la Unidad de Hemodi&aacute;lisis del Hospital San Juan de Dios, San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica, de enero a junio de 1997.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>De ellos 9 pacientes con insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica en etapa predi&aacute;lisis, 7 casos en terapia de hemodi&aacute;lisis y 24 pacientes postrasplante renal, analizando la incidencia y severidad del da&ntilde;o &oacute;seo, la repercusi&oacute;n sobre las paratiroides y el da&ntilde;o renal secundario al hiperparatiroidismo.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Palabras claves</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Hiperparatiroidismo secundario, osteodistrofia renal, insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, parathormona, trasplante renal.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Abstract</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A study of 40 patients with chronic renal failure, is presented. All were attendedat in the Nephrology Service and Hemodialysis Unit of Hospital San Juan de Dios, San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica, between january and june 1997.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Nine of the cases did not receive dialysis therapy support, seven hemodialysis treatment and twenty-four patients were post kidney transplant. Incidence and severity of bone disease, repercussion on parathyroid glands and kidney disease secondary to hyperparathyroidism are analyzed.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Key words</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, bone disease, renal osteodystrophia in chronic renal failure, kidney transplantation, parathormone.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Introducci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La regulaci&oacute;n del metabolismo del calcio y f&oacute;sforo a trav&eacute;s de receptores locales y los efectos sobre el intestino, el hueso y el ri&ntilde;&oacute;n, son las acciones fisiol&oacute;gicas m&aacute;s importantes de la 1,25 (OH)2D3 (1, 25 dihidroxi vitamina D3), la hormona metab&oacute;licamente activa de la vitamina D (<A HREF="#1">1</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El aumento en la producci&oacute;n de la Parathormona (PTH) es invariablemente una consecuencia temprana de la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, debido a la hipocalcemia y/o hiperfosfatemia que se desarrollan (<A HREF="#2">2</A>, <A HREF="#3">3</A>), produci&eacute;ndose p&eacute;rdida del hueso cortical (<A HREF="#3">3</A>). La 1,25 dihidroxi vitamina D3 y la hormona paratiroidea interact&uacute;an y producen un mecanismo de retroalimentaci&oacute;n endocrino, en donde la 1,25 dihidroxi vitamina D3, suprime al mRNA para formar la pro-pro PTH e inhibe la proliferaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas paratiroideas (<A HREF="#4">4</A>), asimismo la PTH es un potente estimulador de la 1 - hidroxilasa (<A HREF="#5">5</A>).</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La osteodistrofia renal es un problema importante en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, que puede iniciarse con una filtraci&oacute;n glomerular del 50% o menos y puede persistir posterior al trasplante renal (<A HREF="#4">4</A>, <A HREF="#6">6-8</A>), ya que la mejor&iacute;a de la filtraci&oacute;n glomerular puede no restaurar la funci&oacute;n y estructura normal del sistema m&uacute;sculo esquel&eacute;tico (<A HREF="#8">8</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Al disminuir la funci&oacute;n renal, se retiene fosfato, aluminio y Beta 2 microglobulina, se produce hipocalcemia y hay un disminuci&oacute;n de la capacidad para sintetizar el metabolito activo de la Vitamina D (calcitriol), llevando al espectro de la osteodistrofia renal que puede incluir osteomalacia, hiperparatiroidismo, supresi&oacute;n del remodelado &oacute;seo y amiloidosis (<A HREF="#3">3</A>, <A HREF="#8">8-10</A>), asimismo se menciona a la PTH como la responsable de muchas de las manifestaciones del s&iacute;ndrome ur&eacute;mico, de acuerdo a la hip&oacute;tesis de Massry, consider&aacute;ndose como la "T&oacute;xina ur&eacute;mica" (<A HREF="#9">9</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El hiperparatiroidismo ur&eacute;mico resulta del aumento de la secreci&oacute;n celular y de la masa de la gl&aacute;ndula (<A HREF="#3">3</A>). Aunque el trasplante renal r&aacute;pidamente corrige los factores responsables de la g&eacute;nesis del hiperparatiroidismo secundario, tales como la retenci&oacute;n de fosfato, la disminuci&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis de calcitriol, y la disminuci&oacute;n de la concentraci&oacute;n s&eacute;rica de calcio, la resoluci&oacute;n del hiperparatiroidismo secundario, posterior al trasplante renal es un hallazgo inconsistente (<A HREF="#6">6</A>, <A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#11">11</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha documentado un aumento en el 67% del peso de la gl&aacute;ndula paratiroidea en la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica (<A HREF="#3">3</A>), sin embargo se han encontrado aumentos equivalentes a 20 veces el peso original de las gl&aacute;ndulas (<A HREF="#3">3</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha visto que el contenido mineral del hueso, disminuye con respecto al tiempo de la hemodi&aacute;lisis (<A HREF="#11">11</A>, <A HREF="#12">12</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los corticosteroides utilizados posteriormente al transplante renal pueden causar osteopenia del hueso reticular, disminuci&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis de col&aacute;geno por los osteoblastos (<A HREF="#13">13-15</A>). Igualmente la ciclosporina puede aumentar el remodelado &oacute;seo e inhibici&oacute;n de la resorci&oacute;n &oacute;sea inducida por la PTH, calcitriol e interleukina - 1 e incremento de la actividad osteocl&aacute;stica (<A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#15">15</A>, <A HREF="#16">16</A>) as&iacute; como a la mencionada falta de correcci&oacute;n del hiperparatiroidismo despu&eacute;s del trasplante renal (<A HREF="#6">6</A>), predominando en estos pacientes la hiperplasia por sobre la hipertrofia de las gl&aacute;ndulas (<A HREF="#3">3</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Otros factores mencionados como responsables del da&ntilde;o &oacute;seo renal, incluyen la acidosis cr&oacute;nica de la insuficiencia renal, la amenorrea secundaria al bloqueo hormonal de la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica y la exposici&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica como el aluminio (presente en el agua utilizada para hemodi&aacute;lisis y la heparina utilizada en dicho procedimiento (<A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#12">12</A>, <A HREF="#16">16</A>, <A HREF="#17">17</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Objetivo</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Establecer el grado de lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea inducida por la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Hip&oacute;tesis</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se plantea como hip&oacute;tesis que la terapia hemodial&iacute;tica y el trasplante renal no logran corregir totalmente el da&ntilde;o &oacute;seo causado por la insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Material y m&eacute;todos</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se estudian 40 pacientes con insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica terminal, 9 sin terapia sustitutiva, 7 pacientes con terapia hemodial&iacute;tica y 24 pacientes trasplantados, atendidos en el Servicio de Nefrolog&iacute;a del Hospital San Juan de Dios de enero a junio de 1997.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se les realiza determinaciones de calcio, f&oacute;sforo, fosfatasa alcalina, niveles de hormona paratiroidea intacta (o global) (por quimioluminiscencia, con valores normales entre 12 y 72 pg/ml), Gammagraf&iacute;a &oacute;sea y paratiroidea (mediante la t&eacute;cnica de tecnecio-99m de doble fase (MIBI) (<A HREF="#18">18</A>), ultrasonido paratiroideo (<A HREF="#3">3</A>) y radiograf&iacute;a de huesos largos, con el fin de determinar el grado de lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea renal e hiperparatiroidismo secundario.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los resultados son analizados mediante el paquete estad&iacute;stico de Microstat.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En el grupo predi&aacute;lisis se encontraron alteraciones &oacute;seas en el 33.3% de los pacientes tanto en la radiolog&iacute;a &oacute;sea como en la gamagraf&iacute;a &oacute;sea. No se encontraron alteraciones a nivel de MIBI paratiroideo ni en el ultrasonido de las gl&aacute;ndulas.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En los pacientes con terapia dial&iacute;tica se encontr&oacute; alteraciones en la radiolog&iacute;a &oacute;sea en el 11% de los pacientes, el gama &oacute;seo mostr&oacute; calcificaci&oacute;n arterial o disminuci&oacute;n de la calcificaci&oacute;n &oacute;sea en el 55% de los pacientes, en el ultrasonido paratiroideo se encontr&oacute; crecimiento de al menos una de las gl&aacute;ndulas paratiroides en el 22% de los casos y alteraciones en el MIBI en 33.3% de los casos.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En los pacientes trasplantados se encontraron alteraciones radiol&oacute;gicas en el 16% de los pacientes, la mayor parte compatibles con osteodistrofia renal, de diferente grado, fundamentalmente osteodistrofia renal.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El gamagrama &oacute;seo mostr&oacute; alteraciones de calcificaci&oacute;n extra &oacute;sea y alteraciones en la calcificaci&oacute;n en el 25% de los pacientes. El ultrasonido paratiroideo mostr&oacute; crecimiento de las gl&aacute;ndulas en el 12.5% de los pacientes y el MIBI mostr&oacute; alteraciones paratiroideas en el 16% de los mismos.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Discusi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los hallazgos encontrados en los 3 grupos muestran que la lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea y paratiroidea es m&aacute;s severa en los pacientes en hemodi&aacute;lisis, siendo posteriormente el grupo postrasplante el m&aacute;s afectado. Las lesiones tanto &oacute;sea como paratiroidea fueron menores en los pacientes en etapa predi&aacute;lisis.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Despu&eacute;s del conocimiento que la s&iacute;ntesis de PTH es directamente inhibida por la 1, 25 (OH)2 D3 y que el nivel de equilibrio para el calcio est&aacute; alterado, se ha establecido la combinaci&oacute;n de calcio y 1,25 (OH)2D3 oral para tratar el hiperparatiroidismo ur&eacute;mico (<A HREF="#1">1</A>, <A HREF="#3">3</A>, <A HREF="#5">5</A>, <A HREF="#17">17</A>, <A HREF="#19">19</A> , <A HREF="#20">20</A>). La infusi&oacute;n intravenosa de 1,25 (OH)2D, reduce los niveles de PTH m&aacute;s efectivamente y m&aacute;s sostenida que la dosis oral (<A HREF="#21">21</A>, <A HREF="#22">22</A>).</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha establecido que la hipercalcemia posterior al trasplante renal puede ocurrir en el 10 al 30% de los casos y generalmente se debe a hiperparatiroidismo persistente (<A HREF="#22">22</A>), implic&aacute;ndose tambi&eacute;n al fen&oacute;meno de apoptosis (<A HREF="#3">3</A>), aunque tambi&eacute;n se menciona que mediante la inducci&oacute;n de este proceso podr&iacute;a estimularse la involuci&oacute;n celular (<A HREF="#3">3</A>), cifras similares a las encontradas en el grupo estudiado.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La osteopontina es importante por la adherencia de los osteoclastos al hueso y est&aacute; involucrada en la mineralizaci&oacute;n y reabsorci&oacute;n de la matriz &oacute;sea, teniendo un papel protector, teniendo una relaci&oacute;n con la inducci&oacute;n de la inhibici&oacute;n de la sintetasa del &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, que est&aacute; por ser establecida (<A HREF="#16">16</A>, <A HREF="#23">23</A>), aunque se han identificado dos tipos de lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea renal en relaci&oacute;n a los niveles de PTH s&eacute;rica, tales como la lesi&oacute;n adin&aacute;mica de la osteodistrofia renal, as&iacute; como la lesi&oacute;n del hiperparatiroidismo secundaria, siendo la biopsia &oacute;sea, el elemento que permite un adecuado diagn&oacute;stico diferencial (<A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#20">20</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El estudio radiol&oacute;gico convencional ha sido tradicionalmente la principal herramienta en el dign&oacute;stico de la osteodistrofia renal, aunque no ayuda a precisar entre la lesi&oacute;n leve a severa (<A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#20">20</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El estudio de doble fase con tecnecio-99m de doble fase (MIBI) ayuda a identificar la presencia de tejido paratiroideo hiperfuncionante, incluyendo el tejido ect&oacute;pico (<A HREF="#18">18</A>). El ultrasonido de las paratiroides es de valiosa ayuda tambi&eacute;n (<A HREF="#3">3</A>, <A HREF="#8">8</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La indicaci&oacute;n de la cirug&iacute;a ablativa de las paratiroides o la aplicaci&oacute;n de etanol en pacientes con persistencia del hiperparatiroidismo postransplante, incluyen (<A HREF="#3">3</A>, <A HREF="#24">24</A>):</FONT></FONT> <UL>     <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>P&eacute;rdida sustancial del hueso cortical antes del trasplante.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Pacientes relativamente j&oacute;venes.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Deterioro de la funci&oacute;n del injerto.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Calcificaci&oacute;n del tejido suave.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Empeoramiento de la lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea.</FONT></FONT></LI>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[</UL> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Sin embargo los cambios se pueden dar r&aacute;pidamente, pero predominantemente restringidos al esqueleto axial (<A HREF="#25">25-27</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Ninguno de los pacientes estudiados ha sido sometidos a terapia quir&uacute;rgica de paratiroides.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha reportado que el tratamiento con calcitriol oral o intravenoso (a dosis de 2 &micro;g tres veces por semana, demostr&aacute;ndose que en seis meses de terapia se logra elevar la densidad &oacute;sea mineral (<A HREF="#3">3</A>, <A HREF="#21">21</A>, <A HREF="#25">25</A>, <A HREF="#28">28-30</A>), as&iacute; como obtener un dializado bajo en calcio que se ha asociado con aumento significativo de la densidad &oacute;sea mineral en la espina lumbar y el cuello femoral con estabilizaci&oacute;n de la PTH s&eacute;rica y de las concentraciones de osteocalcina (<A HREF="#8">8</A>, <A HREF="#29">29</A>, <A HREF="#31">31</A>, <A HREF="#33">33-35</A>), con control de los niveles de f&oacute;sforo (<A HREF="#36">36</A>,<A HREF="#37">37</A>), mediante dieta con restricci&oacute;n del mismo (<A HREF="#35">35</A>, <A HREF="#36">36</A>). As&iacute; como el tratamiento con acetato de calcio como fijador de f&oacute;sforo (<A HREF="#32">32</A>, <A HREF="#35">35</A>), el cual controla el nivel de f&oacute;sforo s&eacute;rico, disminuye los niveles de aluminio y C-PTH.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estudios recientes sugieren que el calcitriol oral a bajas dosis o el calcitriol intermitente en forma de pulsos intravenosos, da resultados similares (<A HREF="#28">28</A>, <A HREF="#38">38</A>, <A HREF="#39">39</A>, <A HREF="#40">40</A>). Sin embargo en otros estudios se concluye que la terapia intravenosa con Vitamina D regula m&aacute;s satisfactoriamente el nivel de la PTH (<A HREF="#37">37</A>, <A HREF="#39">39-41</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En otros casos se informa control adecuado del hiperparatiroidismo secundario utilizando dosis bajas de calcio en el l&iacute;quido para hemodializar a dosis de 2.5 mEq/L sin recibir vitamina D (<A HREF="#41">41</A>), los pacientes analizados reciben calcio en concentraciones de 2.5 mEq/L en la soluci&oacute;n de di&aacute;lisis.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Debido a los altos niveles de PTH, evidencia de hiperparatiroidismo, niveles elevados de f&oacute;sforo y da&ntilde;o &oacute;seo renal encontrado tanto en los pacientes en hemodi&aacute;lisis, as&iacute; como en los trasplantados, y la correlaci&oacute;n con los elevados niveles de aluminio y estroncio en los pacientes hemodializados (<A HREF="#42">42</A>), se considera necesario el aplicar las siguientes medidas correctivas, con el fin de disminuir la incidencia de lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea renal e hiperparatiroidismo secundario:</FONT></FONT> <UL>     <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Utilizar plantas de tratamiento de agua, &oacute;smosis reversa y deionizaci&oacute;n en la terapia dial&iacute;tica.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Utilizaci&oacute;n de calcitriol (intravenoso y/oral en los pacientes sometidos a hemodi&aacute;lisis y postransplante, con control de los estudios, con el fin de determinar la evoluci&oacute;n de la lesi&oacute;n &oacute;sea y paratiroidea.</FONT></FONT></LI>      <LI> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Considerar la disminuci&oacute;n de la concentraci&oacute;n de calcio de los pacientes en hemodi&aacute;lisis, as&iacute; como aquellos que reciban di&aacute;lisis peritoneal cr&oacute;nica ambulatoria.</FONT></FONT></LI>     </UL> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
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Herra S, Rodr&iacute;guez R: Estroncio y aluminio en pacientes con insuficiencia renal cr&oacute;nica, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica. <I>Nefrolog&iacute;a Americana</I>, 1998, 5 (1 –2): 43-46.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=774829&pid=S0253-2948199800030001100042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>     <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT>      <P><A NAME="*"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="#*a">*</A> Servicio de Nefrolog&iacute;a, Hospital San Juan de Dios.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="#*a">*</A>&nbsp;<A NAME="**"></A><A HREF="#**a">**</A> C&aacute;tedra de Medicina Interna, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Ciencias M&eacute;dicas, Dr. Andr&eacute;s Vesalio</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Guzm&aacute;n Calleja.</FONT></FONT>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Trabajo presentado en el VI Congreso Centroamericano y del Caribe de Nefrolog&iacute;a e Hipertensi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Arterial, Santo Domingo, Rep&uacute;blica Dominicana, Julio 1998.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Apartado 429-1007, Centro Col&oacute;n, San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Fax: (506) 231-4613.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>E-mail: <A HREF="mailto:sherra@sol.racsa.co.cr">sherra@sol.racsa.co.cr</A></FONT></FONT>      ]]></body><back>
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