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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0253-2948</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cienc. méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481997000400008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Síndrome de fatiga crónica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Hospital San Juan de Dios ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>75</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri></article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">S&iacute;ndrome de fatiga cr&oacute;nica</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>      <CENTER>&nbsp;</CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Ricardo Boza<A NAME="*a"></A><SUP><A HREF="#*">*</A></SUP></FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>      <DIV ALIGN=right>&nbsp;</DIV>      <DIV ALIGN=right>&nbsp;</DIV> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Ante las controversias suscitadas por esta nueva entidad cl&iacute;nica, en 1994 el Grupo Internacional para el Estudio del S&iacute;ndrome de Fatiga Cr&oacute;nica, formado por expertos internacionales, public&oacute; las gu&iacute;as para su diagn&oacute;stico y tratamiento as&iacute; como las pautas para realizar investigaciones sobre este interesante s&iacute;ndrome<SUP>(<A HREF="#1.">1</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>A pesar de esto, muchos cl&iacute;nicos a&uacute;n dudan de su existencia, los resultados de las investigaciones sobre su etiopatog&eacute;nesis no son muy claros por lo que tampoco existe consenso sobre su manejo terap&eacute;utico<SUP>(<A HREF="#2.">2</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El objetivo del presente trabajo es discutir algunos conceptos y exponer los resultados de investigaciones en ciencias b&aacute;sicas y cl&iacute;nicas, con el fin de conocer un poco m&aacute;s sobre esta enfermedad de reciente descripci&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Definiciones</FONT></FONT></B>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Diversos estudios en Estados Unidos han encontrado que 24% de la poblaci&oacute;n adulta ha padecido de fatiga por m&aacute;s de 2 semanas en alguna fase de su vida. De este grupo, 59-64% de las personas refieren que esa fatiga no tuvo causas m&eacute;dicas<SUP>(<A HREF="#3.">3</A>)</SUP>. Por otro lado, en un estudio en una cl&iacute;nica de atenci&oacute;n primaria, 24% de las personas estudiadas, notificaron haber tenido en alguna ocasi&oacute;n fatiga de m&aacute;s de un mes de duraci&oacute;n, con su persistencia por m&aacute;s de 6 meses en un grupo de ellas<SUP>(<A HREF="#4.">4</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Con base en estos datos, el grupo internacional para el estudio del s&iacute;ndrome de fatiga cr&oacute;nica anteriormente citado ha establecido las siguientes definiciones<SUP>(<A HREF="#1.">1</A>)</SUP>:</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fatiga prolongada: persistencia del s&iacute;ntoma por m&aacute;s de un mes.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fatiga cr&oacute;nica: persistencia del s&iacute;ntoma por m&aacute;s de seis meses en forma constante o epis&oacute;dica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fatiga cr&oacute;nica inexplicada: a pesar de realizar diversos estudios para tratar de determinar la causa</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; del s&iacute;ntoma, no se obtiene una explicaci&oacute;n satisfactoria.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Al analizar las anteriores definiciones, podemos concluir que el s&iacute;ndrome de fatiga cr&oacute;nica (SFCr) es una causa m&aacute;s de fatiga en una poblaci&oacute;n determinada. Por otro lado, en general, es un diagn&oacute;stico de exclusi&oacute;n.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La fatiga cr&oacute;nica puede ser un s&iacute;ntoma presente en una variedad de condiciones m&eacute;dicas y psicol&oacute;gicas. Diversas endocrinopat&iacute;as como el hipotiroidismo, algunos tipos de c&aacute;ncer, enfermedades renales cr&oacute;nicas, la hepatitis B o C, la enfermedad por VIH, algunos medicamentos, el uso de drogas tanto l&iacute;citas como il&iacute;citas, enfermedades mentales como la esquizofrenia, los trastornos bipolares, la depresi&oacute;n de diversos tipos y la demencia as&iacute; como la obesidad severa, son entidades que se asocian a la presencia de fatiga cr&oacute;nica.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Definici&oacute;n de un paciente con SFCR</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Persona con fatiga de m&aacute;s de seis meses de duraci&oacute;n, pero que no la ha padecido por toda la vida, no la asocia al ejercicio, no se alivia con el reposo, le ha producido una reducci&oacute;n substancial en sus actividades diarias y no se puede explicar por causas m&eacute;dicas o psiqui&aacute;tricas conocidas y que presenta adem&aacute;s cuatro o m&aacute;s de los siguientes s&iacute;ntomas o signos<SUP>(<A HREF="#1.">1</A>)</SUP>:</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1. Trastornos de la memoria o de la concentraci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2. Odinofagia</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3. Adenopat&iacute;as axilares o cervicales dolorosas.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4. Dolores osteomusculares</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5. Dolores articulares</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>6. Cefalea de aparici&oacute;n reciente</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>7. Sue&ntilde;o &laquo;no reparador&raquo;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>8. Malestares post- ejercicio.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Otras alteraciones que pueden presentar estos pacientes, aunque no son diagn&oacute;sticas, son la fiebre y la p&eacute;rdida de peso.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha establecido un grupo de ex&aacute;menes b&aacute;sicos de laboratorio en la evaluaci&oacute;n inicial que incluyen un hemograma, pruebas de funci&oacute;n renal, hep&aacute;tica y de tiroides, examen general de orina, serolog&iacute;a para hepatitis B y C y VIH, determinaciones de calcio, f&oacute;sforo y glucosa s&eacute;ricos, as&iacute; como un estudio psicol&oacute;gico y psiqui&aacute;trico. Otros ex&aacute;menes quedar&iacute;an a criterio del m&eacute;dico tratante.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Es importante se&ntilde;alar que la alteraci&oacute;n en algunos ex&aacute;menes de laboratorio (aumento de la velocidad de eritrosedimentaci&oacute;n o la presencia de anticuerpos antinucleares por ejemplo) o de depresi&oacute;n leve o moderada, no excluyen el diagn&oacute;stico ya que adem&aacute;s de su baja especificidad, son encontrados frecuentemente en estos pacientes.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Etiopatog&eacute;nesis</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En 1985 Straus y col<SUP>(<A HREF="#5.">5</A>)</SUP> Jones y col<SUP>(<A HREF="#6.">6</A>)</SUP> describieron en forma separada grupos de pacientes con fatiga cr&oacute;nica asociada a una infecci&oacute;n por el virus de Epstein-Barr. Estos pacientes ten&iacute;an en algunos casos el antecedente de haber padecido de mononucleosis infecciosa con la persistencia de niveles de anticuerpos espec&iacute;ficos compatibles con una infecci&oacute;n activa por m&aacute;s de un a&ntilde;o. Los autores concluyeron que la mononucleosis infecciosa (MI) puede presentarse como una entidad con una evoluci&oacute;n cr&oacute;nica, lo que se lleg&oacute; a denominar S&iacute;ndrome de Fatiga Cr&oacute;nica asociada a MI cr&oacute;nica. Boza public&oacute; en 1986<SUP>(<A HREF="#7.">7</A>)</SUP> un estudio sobre la primera paciente nacional analizada en forma exhaustiva con esta nueva entidad cl&iacute;nica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Desde entonces se han llevado a cabo m&uacute;ltiples estudios con el fin de determinar la posible relaci&oacute;n entre esta entidad y diversos virus. No se ha encontrado una relaci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica entre virus de las familias herpetoviridae, enteroviridae, retroviridae, los papilomavirus, algunos adenovirus, espumavirus y el virus de la rub&eacute;ola, con este s&iacute;ndrome<SUP>(<A HREF="#8.">8</A>-<A HREF="#11.">11</A>)</SUP>. Desde este punto de vista, concordamos con algunos autores<SUP>(<A HREF="#12.">12</A>,<A HREF="#13.">13</A>)</SUP> que consideran dos grandes grupos de pacientes. En el primer grupo estar&iacute;an aquellos en los que podemos demostrar una enfermedad viral como evento inicial (MI, CMV, Enterovirosis, Herpesvirus-6 entre otras). En el segundo grupo figurar&iacute;an en los que no es posible identificar alg&uacute;n agente infeccioso conocido.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Se ha propuesto que el SFCr. es una entidad multicausal que puede ser iniciada por factores tales como infecciones, estr&eacute;s y diversas sustancias t&oacute;xicas y cuya alteraci&oacute;n principal reside en los mecanismos de la respuesta inmune del individuo.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;Hasta el momento no se han encontrado alteraciones en el n&uacute;mero de leucocitos, en la funci&oacute;n de los fagocitos, en la formaci&oacute;n de complejos inmunes, en la cuantificaci&oacute;n de inmunoglobulinas totales, en el complemento ni en la hipersensibilidad retardada<SUP>(<A HREF="#10.">10</A>,<A HREF="#14.">14</A>)</SUP>. Landay et al<SUP>(<A HREF="#15.">15</A>)</SUP> demostraron diferencias estad&iacute;sticamente significativas en la funci&oacute;n de la poblaci&oacute;n de linfocitos CD 8+, principalmente en el subgrupo supresor CD 11b, con aumentos en el n&uacute;mero de CD 38+.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La producci&oacute;n de algunas citocinas, principalmente la IL-2 se ha demostrado alterada en la mayor&iacute;a de los pacientes<SUP>(<A HREF="#14.">14</A>, <A HREF="#15.">15</A>)</SUP>, siendo estos hallazgos m&aacute;s pronunciados en aquellos individuos con enfermedad muy severa. La funci&oacute;n NK as&iacute; como las subclases de IgG evaluadas en diversos estudios, han dado resultados divergentes<SUP>(<A HREF="#7.">7</A>,<A HREF="#14.">14</A>,<A HREF="#16.">16</A>,<A HREF="#17.">17</A>)</SUP> siendo diferentes a las encontradas cl&aacute;sicamente en el transcurso de diversas enfermedades virales<SUP>(<A HREF="#14.">14</A>,<A HREF="#15.">15</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Por estos resultados se ha dado en llamarlo S&iacute;ndrome de Fatiga Cr&oacute;nica por Disfunci&oacute;n Inmunol&oacute;gica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Desde el punto de vista neuropsicol&oacute;gico se han realizado m&uacute;ltiples estudios y se han encontrado en la mayor&iacute;a de ellos alteraciones significativas. Samii y col<SUP>(<A HREF="#18.">18</A>)</SUP> demostraron una disminuci&oacute;n en la respuesta post ejercicio en los potenciales evocados. Schawartz y col<SUP>(<A HREF="#19.">19</A>)</SUP> utilizando una t&eacute;cnica din&aacute;mica de im&aacute;genes del SNC y la resonancia magn&eacute;tica nuclear, lograron determinar algunas anormalidades cerebrales en estos pacientes. Johnson y col<SUP>(<A HREF="#20.">20</A>)</SUP> demostraron anormalidades en el procesamiento de algunos est&iacute;mulos auditivos y visuales. Algunos investigadores han demostrado cambios neuroendocrinol&oacute;gicos cuyo significado no podemos dejar de lado<SUP>(<A HREF="#21.">21</A>, <A HREF="#22.">22</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Con respecto a an&aacute;lisis psicol&oacute;gicos, encontramos gran diversidad de estudios en los que se han utilizado m&uacute;ltiples pruebas y se ha demostrado, en la mayor&iacute;a de ellos, d&eacute;ficit cognoscitivo, depresi&oacute;n importante, d&eacute;ficit en la memoria y en la capacidad de concentraci&oacute;n<SUP>(<A HREF="#23.">23</A>, <A HREF="#24.">24</A>)</SUP>.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Conclusiones</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El manejo de estos pacientes debe ser interdisciplinario entre el m&eacute;dico, el psiquiatra y el psic&oacute;logo. Desde el punto de vista m&eacute;dico ninguno de los medicamentos antivirales conocidos ha dado resultados alentadores. Se han conseguido buenos resultados con el uso de medicamentos antidepresivos.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Es importante que el paciente conozca su enfermedad y que est&eacute; consciente de que vivir&aacute; con ella por un periodo prolongado de tiempo que va de los tres a los 10 o m&aacute;s a&ntilde;os. Muchos de los pacientes presentan mejor&iacute;a de sus s&iacute;ntomas con el paso del tiempo.</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Nuestra responsabilidad como m&eacute;dicos reside en realizar un diagn&oacute;stico diferencial adecuado y en comprender la enfermedad, y si por alguna raz&oacute;n no creemos en su existencia, desde un punto de vista &eacute;tico, deber&iacute;amos referir al paciente donde un colega con experiencia en su manejo. No es una buena pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica el ignorar o subestimar a priori los malestares que el paciente nos refiera.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Referencias</FONT></FONT></B>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P><A NAME="1."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1.&nbsp; Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al. The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Its</FONT></FONT> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Definition And Study. <I>Ann Intern Med</I> 1994; 121:935-959.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=764184&pid=S0253-2948199700040000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="2."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2.&nbsp; Goodnick PJ, Sandoval R. Psychotropic Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Related</FONT></FONT> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Disorders. <I>J Clin Psychiatry</I> 1993; 54: 13- 20.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=764185&pid=S0253-2948199700040000800002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="3."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3.&nbsp; Price RK, North CS, Wessely S, et al. Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and</FONT></FONT> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>associated symptoms in the community. <I>Public Health Rep</I> 1992; 107:514-522.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=764186&pid=S0253-2948199700040000800003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="4."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4.&nbsp; Kroenke K, Wood DR, Mangelsdorff et al. Chronic Fatigue in Primary Care <I>JAMA</I> 1988; 206: 929-934.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=764187&pid=S0253-2948199700040000800004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="5."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5.&nbsp; Straus SE, Tosato G, Armstrong G, et al. 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