<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0253-2948</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. costarric. cienc. méd]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0253-2948</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0253-29481997000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori, cáncer gástrico y dispepsias no ulcerosas: los nuevos motivos de discusión]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Microbiología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>55</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0253-29481997000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Luego de varios años de discusión se acepta que Helicobacter Pylori es el agente bacteriano responsable de las gastritis tipo B y las úlceras pépticas, y que por lo tanto esas patologías son tratables con antibióticos. No obstante, hoy se discute nuevamente sobre el potencial patogénico de esta bacteria, y en esta ocasión se relaciona con el cáncer gástrico. Entre las pruebas que fundamentan esta hipótesis está la evidencia serológica de una infección previa con H. pylori en pacientes con cáncer gástrico, y la remisión de algunos linfomas gástricos al tratamiento con antibióticos. Por otra parte, se asocia esta bacteria con la causalidad de algunos de los cuadros de dispepsias no ulcerativas, aunque lo subjetivo de los síntomas en esta condición clínica hace difícil su diagnóstico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[After some years of discussion Helicobacterp pyloriis accepted has been accepted eas the etiologic agent of type B gastritis and peptic ulcers. Thus, these pathological entities could be treated with antibiotics. However, the discussions still persist about the possible relation between H. pylori and gastric cancer. This hypothesis is based on documented serologic evidence of previous infection with this bacteria and the increase the risk for gastric cancer, as wellas reports showing remission of some gastric lymphomas with anti H. pilori treatment. H. pylori has also been indicated as the causative agent of non-ulcerative dyspepsia, but the nature of this disease inders the early diagnosis and the possible linkage with Helicobacter, Nevertheless, the wide spectrum of polimorphic manifestations on this infectious agent increase the importance of new knowledge of this topic.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Helicobacter Pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cáncer gástrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dispepsias no ulcerativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gastric cancer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non ulcerative dyspepsia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">Helicobacter pylori, c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico y dispepsias no ulcerosas:</FONT></B></CENTER>      <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica">los nuevos motivos de discusi&oacute;n</FONT></B></CENTER> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;Francisco Hern&aacute;ndez&nbsp;<A NAME="1a"></A><SUP><A HREF="#1">1</A>, <A HREF="#2">2</A> </SUP>, Enrique Freer <SUP><A HREF="#2">2</A></SUP></FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>       <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Resumen</FONT></FONT></B>     <CENTER><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></CENTER> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Luego de varios a&ntilde;os de discusi&oacute;n se acepta que <I>Helicobacter Pylori</I> es el agente bacteriano responsable de las gastritis tipo B y las &uacute;lceras p&eacute;pticas, y que por lo tanto esas patolog&iacute;as son tratables con antibi&oacute;ticos. No obstante, hoy se discute nuevamente sobre el potencial patog&eacute;nico de esta bacteria, y en esta ocasi&oacute;n se relaciona con el c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico. Entre las pruebas que fundamentan esta hip&oacute;tesis est&aacute; la evidencia serol&oacute;gica de una infecci&oacute;n previa con <I>H.</I> <I>pylori</I> en pacientes con c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico, y la remisi&oacute;n de algunos linfomas g&aacute;stricos al tratamiento con antibi&oacute;ticos. Por otra parte, se asocia esta bacteria con la causalidad de algunos de los cuadros de dispepsias no ulcerativas, aunque lo subjetivo de los s&iacute;ntomas en esta condici&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica hace dif&iacute;cil su diagn&oacute;stico.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Palabras clave</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><I>Helicobacter Pylori</I>, c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico, dispepsias no ulcerativas</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Abstract</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>After some years of discussion <I>Helicobacterp pyloriis</I> accepted has been accepted eas the etiologic agent of type B gastritis and peptic ulcers. Thus, these pathological entities could be treated with antibiotics. However, the discussions still persist about the possible relation between <I>H. pylori</I> and gastric cancer. This hypothesis is based on documented serologic evidence of previous infection with this bacteria and the increase the risk for gastric cancer, as wellas reports showing remission of some gastric lymphomas with anti <I>H. pilori</I> treatment. <I>H. pylori</I> has also been indicated as the causative agent of non-ulcerative dyspepsia, but the nature of this disease inders the early diagnosis and the possible linkage with Helicobacter, Nevertheless, the wide spectrum of polimorphic manifestations on this infectious agent increase the importance of new knowledge of this topic.</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Key words</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><I>Helicobacter pylori</I>, gastric cancer, non ulcerative dyspepsia.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Introducci&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Hace 13 a&ntilde;os se describi&oacute; el hallazgo de una bacteria, aislada de est&oacute;mago (<A HREF="#1.">1</A>), que luego ser&iacute;a clasificada como <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> (<A HREF="#2.">2</A>) y con ella se establecer&iacute;a un nuevo paradigma en la etiolog&iacute;a, fisiopatolog&iacute;a y tratamiento de las gastritis y &uacute;lceras p&eacute;pticas (<A HREF="#3.">3</A>). Esos hallazgos atrajeron la atenci&oacute;n de un gran n&uacute;mero de cient&iacute;ficos que describ&iacute;an datos similares en diferentes partes del mundo confirmando la relevancia del nuevo agente bacteriano. Se demostr&oacute; su alta prevalencia en las poblaciones estudiadas y se relacion&oacute; con patolog&iacute;a g&aacute;strica (<A HREF="#4.">4</A>). Los primeros informes en Costa Rica sobre este agente datan de 1989 (<A HREF="#5.">5</A>-<A HREF="#7.">7</A>) y esbozan un perfil epidemiol&oacute;gico similar al descrito en otros pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo, caracterizado por una infecci&oacute;n temprana, seg&uacute;n la cual, a los 30 a&ntilde;os de edad m&aacute;s de un 70% de la poblaci&oacute;n que presenta alg&uacute;n grado de gastritis est&aacute; infectada con <I>H. pylori</I> (<A HREF="#8.">8</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estos descubrimientos eran diametralmente opuestos al conocimiento existente hasta ese entonces. Por ejemplo, antes del descubrimiento de <I>H.</I> <I>pylori</I>, la etiolog&iacute;a de la gastritis y &uacute;lceras p&eacute;pticas se atribu&iacute;a a la hiperacidez g&aacute;strica secundaria de diversos factores ambientales, diet&eacute;ticos e incluso al estr&eacute;s (<A HREF="#9.">9</A>). Con el hallazgo de <I>H. pylori </I>se propuso una etiolog&iacute;a infecciosa de esta patolog&iacute;a y por lo tanto tratable con antibi&oacute;ticos. Esta situaci&oacute;n culmin&oacute; con una conferencia de consenso de la Secretar&iacute;a de la Salud de los Estados Unidos en la cual se acepta que <I>Helicobacter</I> es el agente causal de las gastritis tipo B y que posiblemente est&aacute; relacionado con la etiolog&iacute;a de las &uacute;lceras p&eacute;pticas, ya sean g&aacute;stricas o duodenales (<A HREF="#10.">10</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Los nuevos motivos de discusi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<CENTER><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER> <FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Actualmente se discute el posible efecto causal de <I>Helicobacter</I> en el c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico y en las dispepsias no ulcerativas.</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>a) C&aacute;ncer :</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La posible relaci&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> con el c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico fue propuesta en 1991 con un editorial del Dr. Pelayo Correa (<A HREF="#11.">11</A>), discusi&oacute;n continuada con el trabajo de <I>Talley et al.</I> en el cual se compar&oacute; el riesgo de c&aacute;ncer asociado a <I>Helicobacter</I> en un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se encontr&oacute; un riesgo mayor de padecer c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico en los casos serol&oacute;gicamente positivos por esta bacteria (<A HREF="#12.">12</A>,<A HREF="#13.">13</A>). En el modelo planteado el est&iacute;mulo antig&eacute;nico mantenido por largo tiempo en la mucosa, adem&aacute;s la incidencia de una serie de factores externos como ser&iacute;an una baja ingesta de vegetales ricos en antioxidantes naturales, como el &aacute;cido asc&oacute;rbico y beta carotenos, m&aacute;s la ingesta de sal y embutidos ricos en nitritos, los cuales ser&iacute;an metabolizados por bacterias a N-nitrosaminas, todo ello aunado a factores de virulencia de <I>H. pylori, </I>podr&iacute;an desencadenar una serie de eventos en la mucosa g&aacute;strica, que secuencialmente podr&iacute;an evolucionar de una gastritis superficial a gastritis cr&oacute;nica, luego a gastritis cr&oacute;nica atr&oacute;fica, metaplasia intestinal, displasia y eventualmente a adenocarcinoma (<A HREF="#14.">14</A>-<A HREF="#16.">16</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>La evidencia m&aacute;s fuerte entre <I>H. pylori</I> y c&aacute;ncer se encuentra en los linfomas no Hodgkin de mucosa g&aacute;strica. En un inicio ocurre infiltraci&oacute;n de tejido linfoide en la mucosa g&aacute;strica (<A HREF="#17.">17</A>-<A HREF="#19.">19</A>), condici&oacute;n que en ingl&eacute;s responde a las siglas "MALT" (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue). Por degeneraci&oacute;n del idioma se le conoce por cient&iacute;ficos latinoamericanos como "maltoma", t&eacute;rmino con que algunos cient&iacute;ficos latinoamericanos se refieren a esta patolog&iacute;a. Un alto porcentaje de estos linfomas se asocian con <I>Helicobacter,</I> ya sea mediante serolog&iacute;a (<A HREF="#20.">20</A>) o el hallazgo de la bacteria en la zona cercana al linfoma (<A HREF="#18.">18</A>). El hecho m&aacute;s relevante de esta condici&oacute;n es su remisi&oacute;n ante el tratamiento antimicrobiano tendiente a la eliminaci&oacute;n de la bacteria (<A HREF="#19.">19</A>-<A HREF="#21.">21</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Estos datos han llevado a considerar a la infecci&oacute;n con<I> H. pylori</I> en el grupo 1 de agentes relacionados con un incremento en el riesgo para el desarrollo del c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico, cuya incidencia mundial en la d&eacute;cada de 1980 fue de 750.000 casos anuales, de los cuales unos 600.000 murieron (<A HREF="#22.">22</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>b) Dispepsias no ulcerativas :</FONT></FONT></B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>El t&eacute;rmino dispepsias no ulcerativas o dispepsias funcionales fue acu&ntilde;ado en 1984 para referirse a pacientes que presentaban malestar a veces con dolor abdominal cr&oacute;nico recurrente que puede estar asociado con las comidas, o como un malestar centrado en el abdomen superior. En todo caso los s&iacute;ntomas hacen sospechar un cuadro de &uacute;lcera g&aacute;strica de la cual no se encuentra evidencia y actualmente no hay una explicaci&oacute;n etiol&oacute;gica para tal cuadro cl&iacute;nico, por lo que tambi&eacute;n se asocia con t&eacute;rminos como "idiop&aacute;tico", "escencial" o "psicosom&aacute;tico" (<A HREF="#23.">23</A>). Esta condici&oacute;n parece ser muy com&uacute;n, aunque su prevalencia es dif&iacute;cil de calcular pues en muchas ocasiones los pacientes no acuden a un centro hospitalario o bien lo variado y difuso de los s&iacute;ntomas no permiten concretar certeramente el diagn&oacute;stico cl&iacute;nico ; no obstante se calcula una prevalencia del 15 al 30% en la poblaci&oacute;n general (<A HREF="#23.">23</A>-<A HREF="#24.">24</A>).</FONT></FONT>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>En diversos estudios se ha encontrado <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> asociado con un 43 a 87%, tal &aacute;mbito de prevalencia tan amplio indica la diversidad de criterios diagn&oacute;sticos empleados para catalogar las dispepsias no ulcerativas (<A HREF="#25.">25</A>) ; sin embargo, en un porcentaje importante de los casos los s&iacute;ntomas desaparecen o se reducen con la erradicaci&oacute;n de la bacteria. Pero la alta prevalencia de<I> Helicobacter</I> en individuos asintom&aacute;ticos y sin alteraciones en mucosa g&aacute;strica, que puede ser hasta un 20%, m&aacute;s el car&aacute;cter psicosom&aacute;tico con que se ha relacionado a las dispepsias no ulcerativas, hacen dudar de la acci&oacute;n causal de <I>Helicobacter </I>en esta patolog&iacute;a (<A HREF="#24.">24</A>). Por otra parte, la inespecificidad de los s&iacute;ntomas podr&iacute;a encubrir un variedad de entidades cl&iacute;nicas confundidas entre s&iacute; y <I>Helicobacter </I>podr&iacute;a ser responsable de algunas de ellas, como podr&iacute;an ser lo casos que cl&iacute;nicamente simulan &uacute;lceras y en los cuales la erradicaci&oacute;n de la bacteria elimina la sintomatolog&iacute;a (<A HREF="#23.">23</A>).</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></B>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Conclusi&oacute;n</FONT></FONT></B>      <P><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><I>Helicobacter</I> es considerado un agente infeccioso importante, cuya relevancia se refleja en el creciente ac&uacute;mulo de publicaciones, que supera los 500 art&iacute;culos anuales desde 1991 (<A HREF="#9.">9</A>), lo que motiva la difusi&oacute;n de la informaci&oacute;n generada y en especial su relaci&oacute;n con c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico, por la alta prevalencia que presenta Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>      <P><B><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>Referencias</FONT></FONT></B>      <!-- ref --><P><A NAME="1."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>1.&nbsp; Marshall B, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacillus on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.<I>Lancet</I> 1983 ;1 :1273.1275.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796091&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="2."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>2.&nbsp; Goodwin CS, Amstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively, Int. <I>Syst. Bacteriol </I>1989 ; 39 :397-405.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796092&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="3."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>3.&nbsp; Goodwin CS, Worsley BW. Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori. <I>Gastroenterol Clin</I> <I>N Amer </I>1993 ; 22 :5-19.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796093&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="4."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>4.&nbsp; Goodwin CS, Worsley BW. The Helicobacter Genus : The history of H. pylory. En : Helicobacter pylori: Biology and clinical Practice. Goodwin CS, Worsley BW. Eds. 1993 ; 1-14. London. CRC. Press.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796094&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="5."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>5.&nbsp; Rivera P, Hern&aacute;ndez F, Siganr&aacute;n M, Aguilar-Ortiz M. Primer informe sobre el aislamiento de Campylobacter pylori en gastritis cr&oacute;nica atr&oacute;fica en Costa Rica. <I>Rev Cost Cienc Med</I> 1988 ; 9:43-46.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796095&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="6."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>6.&nbsp; Hern&aacute;ndez F, Rivera P, Sigar&aacute;n M, et al. The first cases of Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori reported from Costa Rica.<I> Rev Biol Trop </I>1990 ; 38 : 481-482.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796096&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P><A NAME="7."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>7.&nbsp; Hern&aacute;ndez F, Rivera P, Sigar&aacute;n M, Miranda J. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori : Comparison of an urease test, histological visualization of curved bacteria and culture.<I> Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo</I> 1991 ;</FONT></FONT>     <BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 33 : 80-82.</FONT></FONT>      <!-- ref --><P><A NAME="8."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>8.&nbsp; Talley NJ, Noack KB. The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections : Asyntomatic infections and clinical states associated with infections in adults. En :Helicobacter pylori :Biology and clinical Practice. Goodwin CS, Worsley BW. Eds. 1993 ; 63-84. London CRC. Press.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796099&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="9."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>9.&nbsp; Rune SJ. History of Helicobacter infection <I>Scan J Gastroenterol</I> 1996 ;31 :2-4.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796100&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="10."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>10. NIH. Consensus developmental panel on Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Helocobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. <I>JAMA </I>1994 ;272 :65-69.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796101&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="11."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>11. Correa P. Is gastric carcinoma and infectious disease ?. <I>N Engl J Med </I>1991 ; 325 :1127-1131.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796102&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="12."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>12. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Weaver A et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. <I>J</I> <I>Natl Cancer Inst </I>1991 ;83 :1734-1739.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796103&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="13."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>13. Forman D. Helicobacter pylori infection : A novel risk factor in the etiology of gastric cancer. <I>J Natl</I> <I>Cancer Inst</I> 1991 ;83 :1702-1703.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796104&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="14."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>14. Correa P. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. <I>Amer J Surg Pathol </I>1995 ;19 :37-43.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796105&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="15."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>15. Correa P. The role of antioxidants in gastric carcinogenesis. <I>Critical Rev Food Sci Nutr </I>1995 ;35 :59-64.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796106&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="16."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>16. Dixon MF, Ectors NL. Gastric cancer. <I>Curr Opin Gastroenterol </I>1995 ; 11 (Suppl 1) :38-41.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796107&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="17."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>17. Isaacson PG. Gastric lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori. <I>N Engl J Med </I>1994 ;330:1310-1311.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796108&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="18."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>18. Passonnet J, Hannsen S, Rodr&iacute;guez L et al. Helicobacter pylori infectios and gastric lymphoma. <I>N Engl</I> <I>J Med</I> 1994 ;330 :1276-1271.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796109&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="19."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>19. Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC, et al. Regression of primary low grade B cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of helicobacter pylori. <I>Lancet </I>1993 ; 242 :575-577.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796110&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="20."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>20. Howden CW. Clinical expressions of Helicobacter Pylori infections. <I>Am J Med ;</I> 100 :27S-34S.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796111&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="21."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>21. Roggero E, Zucca E, Pinotti G, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in primary low grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. <I>Ann Internal Med </I>1995 ;122 :767-769.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796112&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="22."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>22. Forman. D. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer .<I>Scand J Gastroenterol </I>1996 ;31 :48-51.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796113&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="23."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>23. Porro GB, Parente F. Nature of nonulcer Dyspepsia and related conditions. <I>Bailliere Clin Gastroenterol</I> 1995 ;9 :549-562.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796114&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="24."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>24. Talley NJ. The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia. <I>Gastroenterol Clin C Amer </I>1993 ;22 :153.167.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796115&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><A NAME="25."></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>25. Lambert JR. The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia. <I>Gastroenterol Clin N Amer </I>1993 ;22 :141-152.</FONT></FONT>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=796116&pid=S0253-2948199700030000700025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><BR><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT>     <BR>&nbsp;     <BR><A NAME="1"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="#1a">1.</A>&nbsp; Facultad de Microbiolog&iacute;a, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos&eacute;, Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>      <P><A NAME="2"></A><FONT FACE="Arial,Helvetica"><FONT SIZE=-1><A HREF="#1a">2.</A>&nbsp; Unidad de Microscop&iacute;a Electr&oacute;nica, Universidad de Costa Rica.</FONT></FONT>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Unidentified curved bacillus on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>1273.1275</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amstrong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chilvers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. Syst. Bacteriol]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>397-405</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterol Clin N Amer]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>5-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Helicobacter Genus: The history of H. pylory]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori: Biology and clinical Practice]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>1-14</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siganrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Primer informe sobre el aislamiento de Campylobacter pylori en gastritis crónica atrófica en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Cost Cienc Med]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>43-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigarán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The first cases of Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori reported from Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Biol Trop]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>481-482</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigarán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Comparison of an urease test, histological visualization of curved bacteria and culture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>80-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections: Asyntomatic infections and clinical states associated with infections in adults]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori: Biology and clinical Practice]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>63-84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC. Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rune]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[History of Helicobacter infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scan J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>2-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>NIH</collab>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Consensus developmental panel on Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease: Helocobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>272</volume>
<page-range>65-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Is gastric carcinoma and infectious disease ?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>325</volume>
<page-range>1127-1131</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zinsmeister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Natl Cancer Inst]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>1734-1739</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection: A novel risk factor in the etiology of gastric cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Natl Cancer Inst]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>1702-1703</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Amer J Surg Pathol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>37-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The role of antioxidants in gastric carcinogenesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Rev Food Sci Nutr]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>59-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ectors]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NL.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gastric cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>38-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isaacson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gastric lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<page-range>1310-1311</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Passonnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hannsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infectios and gastric lymphoma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<page-range>1276-1271</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wotherspoon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doglioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Regression of primary low grade B cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>242</volume>
<page-range>575-577</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical expressions of Helicobacter Pylori infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Med]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>100</volume>
<page-range>27S-34S</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roggero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in primary low grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Internal Med]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<page-range>767-769</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forman.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>48-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nature of nonulcer Dyspepsia and related conditions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bailliere Clin Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>549-562</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterol Clin C Amer]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>153.167</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterol Clin N Amer]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>141-152</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
