<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300015</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64519</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Acoustic and morphological differences in Colinus genus (Galliformes: Odontophoridae) support the occurrence of four species]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diferencias acústicas y morfológicas apoyan la presencia de cuatro especies del género Colinus (Galliformes: Odontophoridae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana y Comunicación Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica CIBET Colección de Ornitología, Museo de Zoología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Baton Rouge LA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The taxonomy of Galliformes species, a group closely associated with humans since antiquity, remains unclear at various taxonomic levels, producing taxonomic changes constantly.  Objective:  Our objective is to provide morphological and acoustic data to support the recent taxonomic recognition of Colinus leucopogon (Spot-bellied Bobwhite) as a distinct species from Colinus cristatus (Crested Bobwhite).  Methods:  Using a combination of morphological and acoustic analyses, we assessed the differences between these two recently recognized species and compared them with the two other well-established species within the genus: C. nigrogularis (Black-throated Bobwhite) and C. virginianus (Northern Bobwhite).  Results:  Our acoustic analysis of male songs from 64 individuals showed significant differences in maximum amplitude frequency, song duration, and number of elements, which can act as a reproductive barrier between C. cristatus and C. leucopogon. Morphological analyses, however, revealed only limited differences, primarily in tarsus length and wing chord length.  Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that while male song characteristics strongly support the recognition of C. cristatus and C. leucopogon as distinct species, morphological differences are less pronounced, potentially due to ecological factors such as habitat similarity and altitudinal distribution. This study highlights the importance of including both acoustic and morphological traits in resolving taxonomic uncertainties and understanding species boundaries in Galliformes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La taxonomía de las especies de Galliformes, un grupo estrechamente asociado con los humanos desde la antigüedad, sigue siendo poco clara en varios niveles taxonómicos.  Objetivo:  Nuestro objetivo es proporcionar datos morfológicos y acústicos para apoyar el reciente reconocimiento taxonómico de Colinus leucopogon (Codorniz ventrinegro) como una especie distinta de Colinus cristatus (Codorniz crestado).  Métodos:  Utilizando una combinación de análisis morfológicos y acústicos, evaluamos las diferencias entre estas dos especies recientemente reconocidas y las comparamos con las otras dos especies bien establecidas dentro del género: C. nigrogularis (Codorniz garganta negra) y C. virginianus (Codorniz norteño).  Resultados:  Nuestro análisis acústico de los cantos de los machos de 64 individuos mostró diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de amplitud máxima, la duración del canto y el número de elementos, lo que puede actuar como una barrera reproductiva entre C. cristatus y C. leucopogon. Los análisis morfológicos, sin embargo, revelaron solo diferencias limitadas, principalmente en la longitud del tarso y la longitud de la cuerda alar.  Conclusiones:  Estos hallazgos sugieren que, si bien las características del canto de los machos respaldan firmemente el reconocimiento de C. cristatus y C. leucopogon como especies distintas, las diferencias morfológicas son menos pronunciadas, posiblemente debido a factores ecológicos como la similitud del hábitat y la distribución altitudinal. Este estudio destaca la importancia de incluir tanto los rasgos acústicos como los morfológicos para resolver las incertidumbres taxonómicas y comprender los límites entre las especies de Galliformes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vocal differences]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[morphology variation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quail]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproductive barriers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[taxonomy.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[barreras reproductivas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diferencias vocales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[codorniz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[taxonomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variación morfológica.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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