<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300014</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64521</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Éxito reproductivo, cuido parental y morfología del nido de Manacus candei (Passeriformes, Pipridae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reproductive success, parental care, and nest morphology of Manacus candei (Passeriformes, Pipridae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riera-Dinarés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emmanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mata-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Melanie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Barcelona Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Biológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Barcelona]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Reserva Biológica Tirimbina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Virgen, Sarapiquí Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica CIBET Colección de Ornitología, Museo de Zoología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana y Comunicación Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La destrucción de hábitats naturales debido a actividades humanas como la agricultura y la urbanización plantea importantes desafíos para que las especies sobrevivan y se reproduzcan. Estos desafíos incluyen cambios en las tasas de depredación, los recursos alimentarios y la disponibilidad de sustratos y materiales para la anidación, tanto naturales como artificiales. Dado que se informa que la depredación es la principal causa de pérdida de nidos en los trópicos, estudiar su impacto, junto con la morfología de los nidos, en ambientes modificados es esencial para comprender sus efectos sobre las especies que habitan estos hábitats.  Objetivo:  Este estudio evalúa el éxito de anidación, la depredación de nidos y la variación en los nidos de Manacus candei en un área fragmentada cercana a la Reserva Biológica Tirimbina (Costa Rica).  Métodos:  Entre 2015 y 2019, se monitorearon 66 nidos, 59 de los cuales se utilizaron para calcular las tasas de supervivencia diaria (DSR) de los nidos utilizando el programa MARK. Los otros siete nidos solo fueron monitoreados por cámaras trampa para identificar depredadores y observar el comportamiento de la madre. Medimos y comparamos la variación de la morfología de 20 nidos.  Resultados:  Los resultados sugieren que la DSR de los nidos no varió entre meses o años y el modelo de supervivencia constante fue el más adecuado, con un promedio de 95% y una supervivencia real de 11.6%. Esta especie sufrió un 64% de fracaso de nidos, principalmente debido a la depredación. En total, identificamos cuatro depredadores de nidos, tres aves y un gato doméstico. También identificamos dos especies de aves que robaron material de los nidos. Los nidos fueron muy similares en morfología, con un coeficiente de variación inferior al 38% en sus medidas.  Conclusión:  Estos resultados sugieren que la zona del jardín no natural podría proporcionar un lugar de anidación seguro para M. candei, ya que podría estar actuando sobre la comunidad de depredadores.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  With the destruction of natural habitats due to human activities (i.e., agriculture and urbanization), species face new challenges to survive and reproduce. Some of the new challenges include predation rate and food resources, a lack of nesting substrates and the type of nesting materials (i.e., natural and artificial). Since predation is reported as the primary cause of nest loss in the tropics, studying its impact, along with nest morphology, in modified environments is essential to understanding its effects on species inhabiting these habitats.  Objective:  This study evaluates nesting success and predation for the white-necked manakin (Manacus candei) in a fragmented area near the Tirimbina Biological Reserve (Costa Rica).  Methods:  Between 2015 and 2019, 66 nests were monitored, 59 of which were used to calculate the daily survival rates (DSR) of the nests using the MARK program. The other seven nests were only monitored by camera traps to identify predators and observe the mother&#8217;s behavior. We measured 20 nests and compared the variation on morphology.  Results:  The results suggest that DSR nests did not vary between months or years, and the constant survival model was the most suitable with an average of 95% and a real survival of 11.6%. This species suffered a 64% nest failure, mostly due to predation. In total, four nest predators were identified, three avian and a domestic cat. Additionally, two species of birds were observed stealing nesting material. Nests were very similar in morphology with a coefficient of variation below 38% in their measurements.  Conclusion:  These results suggest that the non-natural garden zone could provide a safe nesting place for M. candei, since it could be acting on the predator community.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cup nest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gardens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nesting success]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rain-forest fragments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[white-collared manakin.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nido de copa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[jardines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[éxito de anidación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fragmentos de selva tropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[saltarín cuelliblanco.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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