<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64528</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Temporal changes in the diversity and abundance of stingless bee nests in an urbanized environment]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cambios temporales en la diversidad y abundancia de nidos de abejas sin aguijón en un ambiente urbano]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konicek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matamoros-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wendolyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Otárola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ulm University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Ulm]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica Biodiversity and Tropical Ecology Research Center (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica School of Biology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Increasing urbanization has endangered many species to an unknown extent. Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are highly important pollinators of tropical plants. Some species are well adapted to urban areas and use man-made structures to build their nests. In Costa Rica, there are 59 stingless bee species, but no account of their urban richness and abundance has ever been made.  Objective:  To describe the composition and dynamics of the social bee community on the campus of the University of Costa Rica in San José over a six-year period.  Methods:  We systematically searched for stingless bee nests (active colonies) in trees, buildings, walls and other man-made infrastructure within a 31-hectare section of the campus in 2016 and 2022. We investigated species-specific nest heights and the host plant species chosen for nesting.  Results:  A maximum of 86 active nests were identified, consisting of five species of five genera (Lestrimellita, Partamona, Scaptotrigona, Tetragonisca, and Trigona). From 2016 to 2022, the stingless bee abundance increased by 26.5 %, but the species composition remained the same. Tree cavities were the most attractive nesting locations, and their use increased within the sampling period. Overall nest survival was &gt;64.3 % for the study period.  Conclusion:  All bee species utilized a variety of tree species, but strangler figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) were the most important for nest construction. Nest height depended on the species and architecture. This work provides a framework for future studies on tropical social bee communities in urban areas and offers valuable information on their nesting biology in this habitat.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La creciente urbanización ha puesto en peligro de extinción a muchas especies en una medida desconocida. Las abejas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini) son polinizadores muy importantes de plantas tropicales. Algunas especies están bien adaptadas a las áreas urbanas y utilizan estructuras artificiales para construir sus nidos. En Costa Rica, hay 59 especies de abejas sin aguijón, pero nunca se ha realizado un recuento de su riqueza y abundancia en áreas urbanas.  Objetivo:  Describir la composición y dinámica de la comunidad de abejas sociales en el campus de la Universidad de Costa Rica en San José, durante un período de seis años.  Métodos:  Buscamos sistemáticamente nidos (colonias activas) de abejas sin aguijón en árboles, edificios, paredes y otra infraestructura artificial dentro de una sección de 31 hectáreas del campus en 2016 y 2022. Investigamos las alturas de los nidos de cada especie y las especies de plantas elegidas para anidar.  Resultados:  Se identificó un máximo de 86 nidos activos que pertenecían a cinco especies de cinco géneros (Lestrimellita, Partamona, Scaptotrigona, Tetragonisca y Trigona). De 2016 a 2022, la abundancia de abejas sin aguijón aumentó un 26.5 %, pero la composición de especies se mantuvo igual. Las cavidades de los árboles fueron los lugares de anidación más atractivos y su uso aumentó durante el período de muestreo. La supervivencia de los nidos fue &gt;64.3 % durante el período de estudio.  Conclusión:  Todas las especies de abejas utilizaron una variedad de especies de árboles, pero los higuerones estranguladores (Ficus spp., Moraceae) fueron los más importantes para la construcción de nidos. La altura del nido dependió de la especie y su arquitectura. Este trabajo proporciona un marco para futuros estudios sobre comunidades sociales de abejas tropicales en áreas urbanas y ofrece información valiosa sobre su biología de anidación en este hábitat.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Meliponini]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stingless bees]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bee colony]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trees]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urbanization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neotropics.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Meliponini]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abejas sin agujón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[colonia de abejas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[árboles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[urbanización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Neotrópico.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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