<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000200006</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is1.64042</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cobertura, estructura vegetal y almacenamiento de carbono del manglar de Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Coverage, vegetation structure and carbon storage of the mangrove forest of Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cambronero-Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rebeca]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva-Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samper-Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jimena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides-Varela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Los manglares proporcionan diversos servicios ecosistémicos que los seres humanos aprovechan. Sin embargo, son de los ecosistemas tropicales más impactados por el cambio de uso de suelo, como ha sucedido en el Golfo de Nicoya en Costa Rica.  Objetivo:  Analizar la cobertura del bosque a lo largo del tiempo, la estructura de la vegetación y el almacenamiento de carbono del manglar de Morales, para generar una línea base actual del estado del manglar.  Métodos:  El estudio se realizó en el manglar de Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Se calculó el área del manglar a partir de fotografías aéreas entre 1944 y 2020. En el 2021, se montaron parcelas de 5 × 5 m en el campo. En cada parcela se contaron los árboles, se identificaron al menor taxón posible, se les midió la altura y la circunferencia, y se colectaron muestras de suelo de 4.5 cm de profundidad y de agua intersticial. Se calculó el índice de complejidad (IC) del manglar y el valor de importancia (VI) de cada género. El contenido de carbono orgánico (Corg) se calculó a partir de ecuaciones alométricas para los árboles y con el método de pérdida de peso por ignición para el suelo.  Resultados:  El manglar perdió 24 ha entre 1944 y 2020, principalmente por el desarrollo de camaroneras y salineras. El IC en el año 2021 fue 18.3 y el género de mayor importancia fue Rhizophora. El manglar tiene almacenados 48 Mg Corg/ha en la vegetación epígea y 11 Mg Corg/ha en el suelo hasta 4.5 cm de profundidad.  Conclusiones:  La estructura de la vegetación y las reservas de carbono del manglar, en general, concuerdan con lo reportado para otros manglares del Golfo de Nicoya. Considerando únicamente el carbono en la vegetación viva sobre el suelo, la pérdida de 24 ha equivale a 4 224 Mg CO2 liberado. Debería analizarse la factibilidad de realizar una restauración ecológica para recuperar las áreas perdidas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Mangrove forests provide diverse ecosystem services. However, mangroves are one of the most impacted tropical ecosystems, mainly due to land use change, as has occurred in the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica.  Objective:  Analyze mangrove spatial cover over time, forest structure, and the carbon storage of the mangrove forest of Morales, to generate a current base line of the state of the mangrove forest.  Methods:  The study was carried out in the mangrove forest of Morales, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Total mangrove forest area was calculated from aerial photographs between 1944 and 2020. In 2021, 5 × 5 m plots were sampled in the field. In each plot, trees were counted, they were identified to the lowest possible taxon, their height and circumference were measured, and soil samples of 4.5 cm depth and interstitial water were collected. The complexity index (CI) of the mangrove stand and the importance value (IV) were calculated for each mangrove genus. Organic carbon content (Corg) was calculated from allometric equations for trees and with loss on ignition for soil.  Results:  The mangrove forest area decreased by 24 ha between 1944 and 2020, mainly because of the development of shrimp and salt ponds. The forest CI in 2021 was 18.3 and the genus of greatest importance was Rhizophora. The mangrove forest stores 48 Mg Corg/ha in living vegetation and 11 Mg Corg/ha in the soil up to 4.5 cm depth.  Conclusions:  The mangrove forest structure and the carbon storage, in general, are similar to other mangrove stands in the Gulf of Nicoya. Considering only the carbon in the above ground living vegetation, the loss of 24 ha is equivalent to 4 224 Mg CO2 released. The feasibility of carrying out ecological restoration of the lost areas should be assessed.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[shrimp pond]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[forest structure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aerial photography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rhizophora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[carbon sequestration.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[camaronera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estructura del bosque]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fotografía aérea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Rhizophora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[secuestro de carbono.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Motelica-Heino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
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<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
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<name>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of mangrove fine root production and decomposition on soil organic carbon component ratios]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecological Indicators]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
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</article>
