<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000100040</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.56794</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Phenotypic differences in sun and shade leaves of Monstera deliciosa (Araceae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diferencias fenotípicas en hojas de sol y sombra de Monstera deliciosa (Araceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada-Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Center for Sustainable Development Studies The School for Field Studies ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Beverly Massachusetts]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100040&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Leaves are among the most plastic organs in plants, and their structure, while shaped by phylogeny, can show considerable phenotypic plasticity within a species in response to environmental gradients. Monstera deliciosa, a tropical hemiepiphytic vine known for high leaf heteroblasty, adapts to diverse light conditions. This makes leaf structure a useful proxy for assessing whole-plant resource allocation strategies and adaptations to environmental changes.  Objective:  To measure the morphological and structural differences in sun and shade leaves using nine leaf traits (petiole length, leaf width and length, effective leaf area, fenestrated area, leaf perimeter, lobulation ratio, stomatal density, and specific leaf area -SLA-).  Methods:  We selected 20 widely separated M. deliciosa plants on the University of Costa Rica campus in 2022, positioned in contrasting sun and shade conditions, and measured one mature leaf per plant (ten per light environment).  Results:  Sun leaves had higher fenestrated area, perimeter, and stomatal density, suggesting structural adaptations to high light. These traits may enhance thermal regulation by facilitating heat dissipation. Sun leaves had lower SLA, indicating thicker, denser leaves better suited to high light and wind exposure. Lobulation ratios (leaf dissection) were not different between sun and shade conditions. A principal component analysis explained 82.88% of the variation in the leaf traits, with 39 % of the variation attributed to fenestrated area, leaf perimeter, and effective leaf area. Correlation analyses showed that fenestrated area, perimeter, and stomatal density were positively associated (and negatively related to SLA), emphasizing the functional convergence of these traits, adapting the leaf phenotype to light differences.  Conclusions: M. deliciosa modulates leaf morphology and structure to adapt to distinctive light conditions, with fenestration, stomatal density, and SLA emerging as crucial traits. These findings underscore the significance of environmental differences in driving leaf shape and structure.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Las hojas se encuentran entre los órganos más plásticos de las plantas, y su estructura, aunque influenciada por la filogenia, puede mostrar una notable plasticidad fenotípica dentro de una misma especie en respuesta a gradientes ambientales. Monstera deliciosa, una trepadora tropical hemiepífita conocida por su alta heteroblastia foliar, se adapta a diversas condiciones de luz. Esto convierte a la estructura foliar en un indicador útil para evaluar las estrategias de asignación de recursos de toda la planta y sus adaptaciones a los cambios ambientales.  Objetivo:  Medir las diferencias morfológicas y estructurales entre hojas de sol y sombra utilizando nueve rasgos foliares (longitud del pecíolo, ancho y largo de la hoja, área foliar efectiva, área fenestrada, perímetro de la hoja, índice de lobulación, densidad estomática y área foliar específica -AFE-).  Métodos:  Seleccionamos 20 plantas de M. deliciosa ampliamente separadas en el campus de la Universidad de Costa Rica en 2022, ubicadas en condiciones contrastantes de sol y sombra, y medimos una hoja madura por planta (diez en cada ambiente de luz).  Resultados:  Las hojas de sol presentaron mayor área fenestrada, perímetro y densidad estomática, lo que sugiere adaptaciones estructurales a la alta luminosidad. Estos rasgos podrían mejorar la regulación térmica al facilitar la disipación de calor. Las hojas de sol presentaron menor AFE, lo que indica hojas más gruesas y densas, mejor adaptadas a la exposición a la luz intensa y al viento. La proporción de lobulación (grado de disección de la hoja) no mostró diferencias en hojas de sol y sombra. El análisis de componentes principales explicó el 82.88% de la variación en los rasgos foliares, con el 39% de la variación atribuida al área fenestrada, perímetro de la hoja y área foliar efectiva. Los análisis de correlación mostraron que el área fenestrada, el perímetro y la densidad estomática estuvieron positivamente asociados (y negativamente relacionados con el AFE) como adaptación del fenotipo foliar a las diferencias de luz.  Conclusiones: M. deliciosa ajusta la morfología y estructura foliar para adaptarse a condiciones lumínicas extremas, con la fenestración, densidad estomática y SLA como caracteres clave. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de las diferencias ambientales en determinar la forma y estructura de las hojas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[functional traits]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[leaf dissection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenotypic plasticity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stomatal density.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[caracteres funcionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[densidad estomática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[disección de hojas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología foliar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plasticidad fenotípica.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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