<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442022000100713</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop.2022.50805</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Proporción sexual y hermafroditismo del molusco, Anadara tuberculosa (Bivalvia: Arcidae) en Panamá]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sexual proportion and hermaphroditism of the mollusc, Anadara tuberculosa (Bivalvia: Arcidae) in Panama]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles-P.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yolani-A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angel-Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leisy-del-Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Panamá Centro de Capacitación, Investigación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad en el Parque Nacional Coiba ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Santiago de Veraguas]]></addr-line>
<country>República de Panamá</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba-AIP)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Clayton ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Panamá Programa de Maestría en Ecología y Manejo de Zonas Costeras ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>República de Panamá</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>713</fpage>
<lpage>725</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100713&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100713&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100713&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El bivalvo Anadara tuberculosa es un recurso pesquero y económico importante en el Pacífico Este Tropical. La proporción sexual varia a lo largo de su área de distribución, con casos de aparición de hermafroditismo, ocasional para algunas poblaciones, normal en otras. Estas características podrían ser una respuesta a presiones antropogénicas y ambientales.  Objetivo:  Evaluar la proporción sexual y el hermafroditismo en la especie en el Pacífico de Panamá.  Métodos:  Se analizó información reproductiva de A. tuberculosa generada entre 1994 y 2020 para el Golfo de Montijo, así como datos de 2017 para el manglar de David. Se aplicaron procedimientos macroscópicos, contrastados con histológicos y se generó un factor de corrección para ajustar la proporción sexual macroscópica, debido al efecto, sobre la proporción sexual, que ocasiona los organismos indeterminados.  Resultados:  Para el Golfo de Montijo, la histología indicó una proporción sexual hembra a macho de 1:1 hasta 3.2:1, entre 1994 y 2017, mientras que la macroscopía varió de 1.9:1 a 5.1:1 entre 2004 y 2020. Para el manglar de David, la histología indicó una proporción sexual de 3.7:1, y de 7.9:1 por macroscopía en el 2017. En ambas localidades, especímenes más grandes mostraron mayor variación en la proporción sexual, pese a la técnica implementada, así como hermafroditismo protándrico no casual en el 2017.  Conclusiones:  La aparición del hermafroditismo protándrico y los cambios en la proporción sexual indican que la población de A. tuberculosa, en ambas localidades, está respondiendo a presiones antropogénicas y ambientales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The bivalve Anadara tuberculosa is an important fishery in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The sex ratio varies along its geographic range and there are cases of hermaphroditism, occasional in some populations, normal in others. These characteristics may be a response to anthropogenic and environmental pressure.  Objective:  To evaluate sex ratio and hermaphroditism of the species in the Panamanian Pacific.  Methods:  Data on reproductive features of A. tuberculosa generated between 1994 and 2020 for Gulf of Montijo, as well as 2017 data from mangroves of David was analyzed. Macroscopic diagnosis of individual sex is sensitive to the problem of indeterminate individuals, which in turn can skew the sex ratio analysis; therefore, the macroscopic method was compared with histological sections to generate a correction factor to adjust the macroscopically determined sex ratio.  Results:  For Montijo, histology indicated that the female to male sex ratio ranged from 1:1 to 3.2:1 between 1994 and 2017, while macroscopy indicated 1.9:1 to 5.1:1 between 2004 and 2020. For David, histology indicated a ratio of 3.7:1, and macroscopy 7.9:1. At both localities, larger specimens had more sex ratio variation, independently of the technique, and there was non-casual protandric hermaphroditism in 2017.  Conclusion:  The occurrence of protandric hermaphroditism and sex ratio changes suggest anthropogenic and environmental pressure in all populations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[black cockles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gulf of Chiriquí]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mangroves]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[protandry.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[concha negra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Golfo de Chiriquí]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manglares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[protandría.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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