<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442022000100526</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop.2022.41703</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Basic ecology of ant gardens in a dry-premontane transitional forest]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ecología básica de jardines de hormigas en un bosque transicional seco-premontano]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera-Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángela-Marcela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alba-Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle Departamento de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cali]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle Grupo de Investigación Ecología y Diversidad Vegetal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cali]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>526</fpage>
<lpage>540</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100526&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100526&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100526&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  &#8220;Ant gardens'' are ant nests located at different heights on trees on which vascular epiphytic plants that have been transported and sown by ants have germinated. Although this mutualistic relationship has been studied in humid tropical ecosystems, information on other tropical and Colombian ecosystems is scarce.  Objective:  To characterize the distribution, building, diversity, demography and phenology of ant gardens in dry tropical forest.  Methods:  In January and February, 2018, we identified 170 ant gardens on a 100x5 m transect on the banks of the Quesada River, Colombia, and in adjacent secondary dry premontane transitional forest; we monitored changes, for gardens and plants, in 28 of them, every two weeks (March 2018-February 2019).  Results:  The gardens, built by Azteca ulei, were aggregated near water bodies; had 10 species of epiphytes and were on 13 tree species. Larger gardens had more epiphyte species. Some epiphytes had a bimodal phenological pattern. Less seedlings become established in the dry season, and less adults remain in the gardens. Garden characteristics benefit both epiphytes and ants.  Conclusions:  The gardens built by A. ulei have ecological characteristics that favor the germination, establishment, and reproduction of diverse epiphytes in this dry tropical ecosystem, including aggregation near water flows.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Los &#8220;jardines de hormigas'' son nidos de hormigas en árboles, que se localizan a diferentes alturas, sobre los que germinan plantas epífitas vasculares que han sido transportadas y sembradas previamente por hormigas. Aunque esta relación mutualista ha sido estudiada en ecosistemas húmedos tropicales, la información en otros ecosistemas tropicales y en Colombia, es escasa.  Objetivo:  Caracterizar la distribución, construcción, diversidad, demografía y fenología de los hormigueros en bosque tropical seco.  Métodos:  En enero y febrero de 2018, identificamos 170 hormigueros en un transecto de 100x5 m a orillas del río Quesada, Colombia, y en el bosque secundario premontano seco de transición adyacente; monitoreamos cambios, para jardines y plantas, en 28 de ellos, cada dos semanas (marzo 2018-febrero 2019).  Resultados:  Los jardines, construidos por Azteca ulei, se agregaron cerca de cuerpos de agua; tenían 10 especies de epífitas y estaban sobre 13 especies arbóreas. Los jardines más grandes tenían más especies epífitas. Algunas epífitas tuvieron un patrón fenológico bimodal. Se establecen menos plántulas en la estación seca y quedan menos adultos en los jardines. Las características del jardín benefician tanto a las epífitas como a las hormigas.  Conclusiones:  Los jardines construidos por A. ulei tienen características ecológicas que favorecen la germinación, establecimiento y reproducción de diversas epífitas en este ecosistema tropical seco, incluyendo la agregación cerca de cursos de agua.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Azteca ulei]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dry forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epiphytes phenology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant-animal interaction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[premontane forest.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Azteca ulei]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosque seco]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenología de epífitas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[interacción planta-animal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosque premontano.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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